Oxycodone

• euphoriafeelings of joy and happiness,
• pain relief ³,
• perceptions of less physical pain,
• release of muscular tension,
• mental calm or relaxation ⁴.

• nausea,
• constipationmeans that you're not passing stools regularly or you're unable to completely empty your bowels. More,
• CNSthe Central Nervous System, upon which certain drugs act depression,
• drowsiness,
• sweating,
• dizziness,
• vomiting ³,
• slowed or difficult breathing,
• confusiontrouble focusing, slow or disorganised thinking, poor short-term memory, unsure of time or place, or having difficulty following a conversation,
• alternating periods of sleep and consciousness ⁴.

• oral – 20 – 40 minutes ⁵.
• oral (immediate release) – 20 minutes,
• oral (extended release) – 40 minutes,
• insufflatedInsufflating, commonly referred to as snorting, is a method of drug administration where powdered substances are inhaled through the nose. More – 2 – 5 minutes,
• intravenous – 0 – 1 minutes ⁶.

• oral – 4 – 6 hours ⁵.
• oral (immediate release) – 4 – 6 hours,
• oral (extended release) – 6 – 8 hours,
• insufflatedInsufflating, commonly referred to as snorting, is a method of drug administration where powdered substances are inhaled through the nose. More – 3 – 5 hours,
• intravenous – 3 – 5 hours ⁶.

• oral (immediate release) – 1 – 24 hours,
• oral (extended release) – 1 – 24 hours,
• insufflatedInsufflating, commonly referred to as snorting, is a method of drug administration where powdered substances are inhaled through the nose. More – 1 – 24 hours,
• intravenous – 1 – 24 hours ⁶.

Oxycodone, a semisynthetic opiate agonist derived from the opioid alkaloid, thebaine, is similar to other phenanthrene derivatives such as hydrocodone and morphine ¹.

Well absorbed with an oral bioavailability of 60% to 87% ¹.

Hepatic ¹.

Four and a half hours ¹.

Oxycodone and its metabolites are excreted primarily via the kidney ¹.

LD50the amount of a material, given all at once, which causes the death of 50% (one half) of a group of test animals. The LD50 is one way to measure the short-term poisoning potential (acute toxicity) of a material 3.0638 mol/kg in rats ¹.

Oxycodone acts as a weak agonist at mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptorsnerve endings that sense changes in the body More within the CNSthe Central Nervous System, upon which certain drugs act. Oxycodone primarily affects mu-type opioid receptorsnerve endings that sense changes in the body More, which are coupled with G-protein receptorsnerve endings that sense changes in the body More and function as modulators, both positive and negative, of synaptic transmission via G-proteins that activate effector proteins. Binding of the opiate stimulates the exchange of GTP for GDP on the G-protein complex. As the effector system is adenylate cyclase and cAMP located at the inner surface of the plasma membrane, opioids decrease intracellular cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. Subsequently, the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters such as substance P, GABAGamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in your brain, meaning it slows your brain's functions. GABA is known for producing a calming effect., dopamine, acetylcholine, and noradrenaline is inhibited. Opioids such as oxycodone also inhibit the release of vasopressin, somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon. Opioids close N-type voltage-operated calcium channels (kappa-receptor agonist) and open calcium-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channels (mu and delta receptor agonist). This results in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability ¹.

• euphoriafeelings of joy and happiness,
• extreme relaxation,
• reduced anxiety,
• pain relief,
• sedationthe state of being relaxed or sleepy because of a drug More ⁹.

• dental problems,
• swelling in the arms and legs,
• mood swings,
• reduced sex drive and decreased level of testosterone (males) and menstrual problems (females),
• needing to use more to get the same effect,
• financial, work or social problems ⁷.

• physical euphoriaan intense feeling of pleasure and well-being More,
• pupil constriction,
• skin flushing,
• appetite suppression,
• cough suppression,
• orgasm suppression,
• pain relief,
• respiratory depressionslowing the drive and effectiveness of breathing More,
• sedationthe state of being relaxed or sleepy because of a drug More,
• constipationmeans that you're not passing stools regularly or you're unable to completely empty your bowels. More,
• difficulty urinating,
• increased perspiration,
• itchiness,
• nausea,
• stomach cramps ⁵.

• cognitive euphoriastate of intense well-being, happiness, and excitement More,
• compulsive redosing,
• dream potentiationcan be described as a cognitive component which increases the intensity, vividness and frequency of sleeping dream states. This effect also creates higher detail and definition within dreams alongside of an increase in the likelihood of one's dreams becoming lucid. More,
• anxiety suppression,
• decreased libido ⁵.

• internal hallucinationsbest described as the perception of imagery and scenes which are experienced exclusively within a layer in front of one's open or closed eye vision and not seamlessly within the external environment around oneself. At lower levels, internal hallucinations begin with imagery which does not take up the entirety of one's visual field and is distinctively separate from its background. These can be described as spontaneous moving or still images of scenes, concepts, places, and anything one could imagine. They are manifested in varying levels of detail, ranging from ill-defined and cartoon-like in nature to completely realistic and beyond realism through seemingly impossible, non-euclidean geometric forms. They rarely hold their form for more than a few seconds before fading or shifting into another image. More ⁵.

• burning feeling inside the nose,
• dry mouth,
• constriction of the pupils,
• tightness of the chest,
• closing of the nostrils, causing one to be unable to breathe through his or her nose,
• severe headache,
• shaking / tremors,
• slurred speech,
• restlessness,
• irritability and agitation,
• drowsiness ¹⁰.

• euphoriafeelings of joy and happiness,
• pain relief ³.

• itching ³.

• nausea,
• constipationmeans that you're not passing stools regularly or you're unable to completely empty your bowels. More,
• CNSthe Central Nervous System, upon which certain drugs act depression,
• drowsiness,
• sweating,
• dizziness,
• vomiting ³.

• nausea,
• vomiting,
• loss of appetite,
• dry mouth,
• constipationmeans that you're not passing stools regularly or you're unable to completely empty your bowels. More,
• dizziness,
• stomach pain,
• drowsiness,
• flushing,
• sweating,
• weakness,
• headache,
• mood changes ⁹.

• chest pain or discomfort,
• decreased awareness or responsiveness,
• extreme drowsiness and loss of consciousness,
• no muscle tone or movement,
• slow or irregular heartbeat ⁷,
• constricted pupils non-reactive to light,
• periods of extreme sedationthe state of being relaxed or sleepy because of a drug More difficult to wake,
• lack of responsiveness (even to painful stimuli),
• respiratory arrestRespiratory arrest is caused by airway obstruction, decreased respiratory drive, or respiratory muscle weakness. More,
• cyanosisbluish tinge to fingers and lips, caused by inadequate blood supply ⁴,
• difficulty breathing,
• slowed or stopped breathing,
• dizziness,
• fainting,
• cold, clammy skin,
• loss of consciousness or coma ⁹.

• harms from injecting tablet particles that can lodge in blood vessels and small capillaries in the lungs,
• risks of blood-borne viral infections if injection equipment is shared,
• harms related to injection of non-sterile preparations not intended for injection,
• risks of polydrug usethe use of several different drugs over a short period of time, or two or more drugs used simultaneously,
• harm related to pre-existing conditions for which opioids may be contra-indicated ¹¹.

Because snorting this substance causes an individual’s bloodstream to absorb greater amounts of the drug than it would when taken orally, it puts the user at a much higher risk of overdosing.

This is especially true when users snort crushed extended release tablets of Oxycodone because, as the nature of the drug is to provide long-lasting relief and therefore has a higher potency, people are forcing the drug to cross the blood-brain barrier all at one time instead of allowing it to work as it is designed to in providing extended relief. This sudden rush of Oxycodone entering the bloodstream can cause a person’s body to exceed its limit of tolerancethis is the process by which the receptors in your brain become habituated to the action of a drug. When tolerance is reached, more of the drug is required to achieve the same effect. With benzodiazepines, and probably with many other classes of drugs as well, tolerance is virtually always associated with some degree of physical dependence. If you find that you are experiencing tolerance, this is a clear warning sign that you may have formed a dependence. More and result in overdose.

However, even when snorting a small dose of Oxycodone, there are a host of possible physical side-effects that one can experience, please see InsufflatedInsufflating, commonly referred to as snorting, is a method of drug administration where powdered substances are inhaled through the nose. More abuse above ¹⁰.

• Ketamine – Both substances bring a risk of vomiting and unconsciousness. If the user falls unconscious while under the influence there is a severe risk of vomit aspirationvomit being inhaled into the lungs, a potentially life-threatening condition More if they are not placed in the recovery position.
• MXE – This combination can potentiate the effects of the opioid.
• DXM – CNSthe Central Nervous System, upon which certain drugs act depression, difficult breathing, heart issues, hepatoxicrelating to or causing injury to the liver. More, just very unsafe combination all around. Additionally if one takes dxm, their tolerancethis is the process by which the receptors in your brain become habituated to the action of a drug. When tolerance is reached, more of the drug is required to achieve the same effect. With benzodiazepines, and probably with many other classes of drugs as well, tolerance is virtually always associated with some degree of physical dependence. If you find that you are experiencing tolerance, this is a clear warning sign that you may have formed a dependence. More of opiates goes down slightly, thus causing additional synergistic effectsan effect arising between two or more agents, entities, factors, or substances that produces an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects More.
• Cocaine – Stimulants increase respiration rate allowing a higher dose of opiates. If the stimulanta drug that acts on the Central Nervous System, increasing some rates of function such as heart-rate wears off first then the opiate may overcome the patient and cause respiratory arrestRespiratory arrest is caused by airway obstruction, decreased respiratory drive, or respiratory muscle weakness. More.
• Alcohol – Both substances potentiate the ataxialoss of motor coordination More and sedationthe state of being relaxed or sleepy because of a drug More caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. Place affected patients in the recovery position to prevent vomit aspirationvomit being inhaled into the lungs, a potentially life-threatening condition More from excess. Memory blackouts are likely.
• GBL / GHB – The two substances potentiate each other strongly and unpredictably, very rapidly leading to unconsciousness. While unconscious, vomit aspirationvomit being inhaled into the lungs, a potentially life-threatening condition More is a risk if not placed in the recovery position.
• Tramadol – Concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking other opioids. These agents are often individually epileptogenic and may have additive effects on seizure threshold during coadministration. Central nervous system- and/or respiratory-depressant effects may be additively or synergisticallyThe effect arising between two or more agents, entities, factors, or substances that produce an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects. More present.
• Benzodiazepines – Central nervous systembrain and spinal cord and/or respiratory-depressant effects may be additively or synergisticallyThe effect arising between two or more agents, entities, factors, or substances that produce an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects. More present. The two substances potentiate each other strongly and unpredictably, very rapidly leading to unconsciousness. While unconscious, vomit aspirationvomit being inhaled into the lungs, a potentially life-threatening condition More is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Blackouts/memory loss likely ⁶.

• PCP – PCP can reduce opioid tolerancethis is the process by which the receptors in your brain become habituated to the action of a drug. When tolerance is reached, more of the drug is required to achieve the same effect. With benzodiazepines, and probably with many other classes of drugs as well, tolerance is virtually always associated with some degree of physical dependence. If you find that you are experiencing tolerance, this is a clear warning sign that you may have formed a dependence. More, increasing the risk of overdose.
• Nitrous oxide – Both substances potentiate the ataxialoss of motor coordination More and sedationthe state of being relaxed or sleepy because of a drug More caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspirationvomit being inhaled into the lungs, a potentially life-threatening condition More is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are likely.
• Amphetamines – Stimulants increase respiration rate allowing a higher dose of opiates. If the stimulanta drug that acts on the Central Nervous System, increasing some rates of function such as heart-rate wears off first then the opiate may overcome the patient and cause respiratory arrestRespiratory arrest is caused by airway obstruction, decreased respiratory drive, or respiratory muscle weakness. More.
• MAOIsMAOIs may be used to treat the symptoms of depression. More – Coadministration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIsMAOIs may be used to treat the symptoms of depression. More) with certain opioids has been associated with rare reports of severe and fatal adverse reactions. There appear to be two types of interaction, an excitatory and a depressive one. Symptoms of the excitatory reaction may include agitation, headache, diaphoresisexcessive sweating, hyperpyrexiaan excessive elevation of body temperature above the average normal temperature. More, flushing, shivering, myoclonusa brief, involuntary twitching of a muscle or group of muscles. More, rigidity, tremor, diarrhoeaWhere you frequently pass watery or loose faeces, hypertensionhigh blood pressure, tachycardiarapid pulse rate, seizuresthe outward effect can vary from uncontrolled jerking movement (tonic-clonic seizure) to as subtle as a momentary loss of awareness More, and coma. Death has occurred in some cases ⁶.

Oxycodone is detectable in a urine test for 3 – 4 days ¹³.

A blood test will detect Oxycodone for up to 24 hours ¹³.

A saliva test will detect Oxycodone from 1 – 4 days ¹³.

Oxycodone, like many other drugs, can be detected with a hair follicle drug test for up to 90 days ¹³.

• 1916 – Oxycodone is created.
• 1939 – Oxycodone is first introduced to America.
• 1950 – Percodan – a combination of oxycodone and aspirin – is released to American doctors for prescription.
• 1963 – The attorney general of California cites Percodan abuse as the source of one-third of all drug addiction in the state.
• 1970 – Oxycodone is listed as a Schedule II drug in the new Controlled Substances Act. According to the DEAUS Drug Enforcement Administration More – Schedule II drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a high potential for abuse, less abuse potential than Schedule I drugs, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence. These drugs are also considered dangerous.
• 1974 – Percocet is approved by the FDAUS Food and Drug Administration.
• 1989 – The Texas Medical Board adopts language to support wider use of painkillers by doctors. Fourteen states follow in its footsteps.
• 1996 – Perdue Pharma releases OxyContin ¹⁹.