Temazepam

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Depressant, hypnoticdrugs that induce sleep by their action on the brain. More

Temazepam is a benzodiazepine hypnoticdrugs that induce sleep by their action on the brain. More agent that is commonly prescribed for the short-term (typically maximum of four weeks) treatment of sleep disorders such as insomniadifficulty in going to sleep or in getting enough sleep. It is also occasionally used as a premedication prior to minor surgical procedures.

As a recreational drug, temazepam is sometimes taken as a ‘chill out’ substance after a night of partying, or just as a relaxant to calm the user down. Some users suggest that at higher doses it can produce a feeling similar to being drunk ¹.

Small, white or off-white tablets, usually 10mg or 20mg when prescribed, although larger sizes found at street level; various coloured capsules (green being the most common), 7.5mg – 30mg+; ‘Restoril’ are colour-coded: 7.5mg- blue and pink, 15mg- red and pink, 22.5mg- blue and 30mg- red and blue; also available as an oral solution, typically 10mg/5ml ¹.

Diverted from manufacturers, pharmacies and GPs prescriptions ².

Temazepam is a drug of the benzodiazepine class ³.

Temazepam is a minor metabolite of diazepam (valium). It has no notable active metabolites of its own. Like other benzodiazepines, it acts on the GABAGamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in your brain, meaning it slows your brain's functions. GABA is known for producing a calming effect. receptorsnerve endings that sense changes in the body More in the brain, enhancing their neurotransmissions. GABAGamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in your brain, meaning it slows your brain's functions. GABA is known for producing a calming effect. acts as a ‘nerve calming’ agent that reduces anxiety and relaxes the muscles, hence the popularity of temazepam to aid sleep.

Temazepam is relatively long acting (6 – 24 hours), metabolises well, and can lead to a quick build-up of tolerancethis is the process by which the receptors in your brain become habituated to the action of a drug. When tolerance is reached, more of the drug is required to achieve the same effect. With benzodiazepines, and probably with many other classes of drugs as well, tolerance is virtually always associated with some degree of physical dependence. If you find that you are experiencing tolerance, this is a clear warning sign that you may have formed a dependence. More and addiction. As a result, when prescribed to combat insomniadifficulty in going to sleep or in getting enough sleep, it is only used for short periods of time (1 – 2 weeks on average) and at the lowest functional dose for the patient (from 5mg upwards) ¹.

Benzodiazepines produce a variety of effects by binding to the benzodiazepine receptor site and magnifying the efficiency and effects of the neurotransmitter GABAGamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in your brain, meaning it slows your brain's functions. GABA is known for producing a calming effect. by acting on its receptorsnerve endings that sense changes in the body More ⁵. As this site is the most prolific inhibitory receptor set within the brain, its modulation results in the sedating (or calming effects) of temazepam on the nervous system. When temazepam binds to the GABAA receptor, it causes the Cl- ion pore to open more frequently.

The anticonvulsant properties of benzodiazepines may be, in part or entirely, due to binding to voltage-dependent sodium channels rather than benzodiazepine receptorsnerve endings that sense changes in the body More ⁶, ³.

Orally (swallowed as a tablet/capsule, drunk as an oral solution)

The tablets are sometimes crushed and taken nasally (snorted) and the gelcaps are known to have been used intravenously (injected into the limbs, groin or neck) ¹.

Tablets and oral solution will be swallowed. Users have been known to inject temazepam – it causes extreme irritation and tissue damage if intravenously injected along with the other risks associated with using drugs in this way ².

Temazepam is extremely physically and psychologically addictive. Temazepam is considered to be significantly more addictive than other benzodiazepines ³.

Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption ³.

• Depressants (1,4-Butanediol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, alcohol, barbiturates, GHB/GBL, methaqualone, opioids) – This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of respiratory depressionslowing the drive and effectiveness of breathing More. These substances potentiate the muscle relaxation, sedationthe state of being relaxed or sleepy because of a drug More and amnesiainability to remember caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the recovery position or have a friend move them into it.
• Dissociatives – This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the recovery position or have a friend move them into it.
• Stimulants – It is dangerous to combine benzodiazepines with stimulants due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the sedativeOne of a diverse group of drugs manufactured for medical purposes to relax the central nervous system. More effect of benzodiazepines, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulanta drug that acts on the Central Nervous System, increasing some rates of function such as heart-rate wears off, the effects of benzodiazepines will be significantly increased, leading to intensified disinhibition as well as other effects. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only dosing a certain amount of benzodiazepines per hour. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if hydration is not monitored ³.

Benzodiazepine overdose may occur when a benzodiazepine is taken in extremely heavy quantities or concurrently with other depressants. This is particularly dangerous with other GABAergic depressants such as barbiturates and alcohol since they work in a similar fashion, but bind to distinct allosteric sites on the GABAA receptor, thus their effects potentiate one another. Benzodiazepines increase the frequency in which the chlorine ion pore opens on the GABAA receptor while barbiturates increase the duration in which they are open, meaning when both are consumed, the ion pore will open more frequently and stay open longer ¹⁴. Benzodiazepine overdose is a medical emergency that may lead to a coma, permanent brain injury or death if not treated promptly and properly.

Benzodiazepine overdoses may be treated effectively in a hospital environment, with generally favourable outcomes. Benzodiazepine overdoses are sometimes treated with flumazenil, a GABAA antagonist ¹⁵, however care is primarily supportive in nature ³.

These are some symptoms that may be seen.

• severe thought deceleration,
• slurred speech,
• confusiontrouble focusing, slow or disorganised thinking, poor short-term memory, unsure of time or place, or having difficulty following a conversation,
• delusions,
• respiratory depressionslowing the drive and effectiveness of breathing More,
• coma,
• death ³.

Withdrawal symptoms or rebound symptoms may occur after ceasing usage abruptly following a few weeks or longer of steady dosing, and may necessitate a gradual dose reduction ³.

• seizuresthe outward effect can vary from uncontrolled jerking movement (tonic-clonic seizure) to as subtle as a momentary loss of awareness More,
• memory loss,
• agoraphobia,
• anxiety,
• panic attacks ².

How long temazepam is detectable in the body depends on many variables, including which drug test is being used and the amount of the drug that you have taken. Temazepam – also known as benzodiazepine – can be detected for a shorter time with some tests, but can be ‘visible’ for up to three months in other tests.

The timetable for detecting temazepam in the system is also dependent upon each individual’s metabolism, body mass, age, hydration level, physical activity, health conditions and other factors, making it almost impossible to determine an exact time temazepam will show up on a drug test ¹⁶.

The following is an estimated range of times, or detection windows, during which temazepam and other drugs in this category of benzodiazepines can be detected by various testing methods –

Temazepam can interact with a number of other medications, such as barbiturates, certain anti-depressants and other benzodiazepines, so it’s essential that your doctor knows what you’re taking (prescription and non-prescription) before giving it to you.

Alcohol and other recreational substances also have interactions with temazepam. Alcohol in particular will enhance its sedativeOne of a diverse group of drugs manufactured for medical purposes to relax the central nervous system. More properties, so you’ll feel even sleepier and will sleep longer than just with the drug on its own. If you’re taking temazepam it’s best to avoid alcohol if possible.

Largely due to the problems caused by users injecting, the gelcaps have not been available on the NHSThe 'National Health Service' is the publicly funded national healthcare system in the UK. The organisation, funded primarily by taxation, provides free or low-cost healthcare to all legal residents of the UK. Medications are subsidised as well and prescriptions may be free in certain situations. More since 1996. As a result, there is now very little use of temazepam intravenously ¹.

• temazepam is very dose sensitive and can quickly become addictive. If you’ve been prescribed it, stick to the dose stated and don’t be tempted to self-dose,
• even small increases can have significant effects. If you overdose, get medical help immediately,
• don’t suddenly stop taking it, even if the problem it was prescribed for seems to have cleared up; the shock to your system can be painful and possibly dangerous. Talk to your doctor about slowly reducing the dose,
• if you’ve bought temazepam on the street, try to make sure you know what size dose it contains; the tablets are most often 10mg or 20mg, but the capsules can contain quite a lot more. Sometimes this will be imprinted on the tablet/capsule itself, but not always. The difference in effect between the different sizes can be big, so be careful,
• the effects can come on quicker than you might be expecting, so make sure you’re somewhere safe (preferably at home) and don’t drive or operate machinery, etc. when you’ve taken a dose,
• on the other hand, you may not feel the effects for some time. If you don’t feel an immediate effect, DO NOT re-dose; just wait to see what happens. If you’ve bought from a dealer you can’t be sure of exactly what you’ve got, so it may be impure or not temazepam at all. If in doubt, or you don’t get the effect you were looking for, just write it off to experience ¹.

If injected, needles, syringes and water ².

Temazepam was first synthesised in the mid-1960’s, but its potential use for treating sleep disorders was not fully appreciated until the early 1970’s.

In the 1980’s, temazepam became one of the most widely used prescription drugs in the UK for recreational purposes. Following a series of deaths linked to the substance (though probably actually due to its interactions with other substances commonly used alongside it, such as alcohol and heroin) the recreational use of temazepam was considered a serious and growing problem.

Prescribed temazepam is currently available through the NHSThe 'National Health Service' is the publicly funded national healthcare system in the UK. The organisation, funded primarily by taxation, provides free or low-cost healthcare to all legal residents of the UK. Medications are subsidised as well and prescriptions may be free in certain situations. More in a generic (unbranded) form. However, different manufacturers may use their own initials/logos on the products, and some illicit manufacturers may attempt to mimic these in order to make their product appear ‘legitimate’. In the US, temazepam is best known under the brand name ‘Restoril’, and some capsules bearing this name have been found on the streets in the UK ¹.