Sharon: /* References */

2017-04-23T15:14:54Z

‎References

Sharon: /* What are the risks of injecting Ketamine & how can you inject more safely? */

2017-04-06T13:58:21Z

‎What are the risks of injecting Ketamine & how can you inject more safely?

Sharon: /* Classification */

2017-04-06T13:57:35Z

‎Classification

Sharon at 00:14, 30 March 2017

2017-03-30T00:14:08Z

Sharon: Created page with "== Also known as == Vitamin K, super K, special K, K, green, donkey dust, k2, super c, lady k, ket, kit kat, ketaset, ketaject, jet, super acid, purple, mauve, super acid, sp..."

2017-03-27T13:02:22Z

Created page with "== Also known as == Vitamin K, super K, special K, K, green, donkey dust, k2, super c, lady k, ket, kit kat, ketaset, ketaject, jet, super acid, purple, mauve, super acid, sp..."

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 Long-term ketamine use has been shown to damage the bladder and urinary tract, causing 'ketamine cystitis' or 'ketamine bladder syndrome'. This manifests itself in symptoms such as urinary frequency, urgency, pressure, pain, incontinence and/or bleeding from the bladder. The [[aetiology]] are not fully understood, but chronic use can cause ulcers/wounds and stiffening of the bladder walls, which shrink the size of the bladder <ref name="2a"/>.
-=== What are the risks of injecting Ketamine & how can you inject more safely? ===
+=== What are the risks of injecting Ketamine ===
 When ketamine is injected and any injecting equipment is shared (needles, syringes, spoons, filters or other paraphernalia), there is a risk of contracting Hepatitis B and C, HIV (which can lead to AIDS) and other blood-borne diseases. These viruses can be extremely resilient, and normal cleaning will not eliminate them, particularly in the case of Hepatitis, which can live outside the body (in certain circumstances) for up to three months. People who are infected with these viruses usually appear healthy, and may not develop the disease for years. From the moment someone is infected however, they carry the virus in their blood, and can infect others through sexual intercourse (particularly with HIV) and sharing any injecting equipment, even spoons and filters <ref name="2a"/>.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:57, 6 April 2017
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	Hallucinogenic, anaesthetic		Hallucinogenic, anaesthetic
		+	[[Category:Hallucinogenics]]
		+	[[Category:Anaesthetics]]

	== Overview ==		== Overview ==

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 The DrugScope Street Drug Trends Survey 2011 reported a rise in both use of, and problems associated with, ketamine. Of the twenty areas surveyed by DrugScope, three quarters reported increases both in the general use of ketamine and in the numbers of people coming forward for help with psychological and physical problems associated with the drug.
-More recently, [[https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/drug-misuse-findings-from-the-2015-to-2016-csew|Home Office statistics]] published in 2016, report that ketamine use has fallen among 16 to 59 year olds from 0.5% to 0.3%. The figures showed that around 94,000 adults had used ketamine in England and Wales in the last year. The use of ketamine has remained relatively stable, between 0.3% and 0.6%, since its use was first surveyed in 2006/07 <ref name="6a">'''Ketamine''', 2016, http://www.drugwise.org.uk/ketamine/</ref>.
+More recently, [https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/drug-misuse-findings-from-the-2015-to-2016-csew Home Office statistics] published in 2016, report that ketamine use has fallen among 16 to 59 year olds from 0.5% to 0.3%. The figures showed that around 94,000 adults had used ketamine in England and Wales in the last year. The use of ketamine has remained relatively stable, between 0.3% and 0.6%, since its use was first surveyed in 2006/07 <ref name="6a">'''Ketamine''', 2016, http://www.drugwise.org.uk/ketamine/</ref>.
 == Street price ==
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 === Oral ===
-Oral use of ketamine results in slightly different effects to snorting or injecting. If taken as a [[Terminology|bomb]] the effects take longer to feel and the experience will last longer. Taking ketamine orally usually results in a less intense experience. Gumming is another way of doing it. A small amount is applied on the inside of the lips or gum. This can damage your gums and lips. Gumming is not a common way of taking ketamine as most users find the taste very unpleasant <ref name="8a"/>.
+Oral use of ketamine results in slightly different effects to snorting or injecting. If taken as a [[bomb]] the effects take longer to feel and the experience will last longer. Taking ketamine orally usually results in a less intense experience. Gumming is another way of doing it. A small amount is applied on the inside of the lips or gum. This can damage your gums and lips. Gumming is not a common way of taking ketamine as most users find the taste very unpleasant <ref name="8a"/>.
 === Intramuscular injection ===
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 * If it is liquid, it can be injected <ref name="1a"/>.
-No method is safe, but injecting is very risky. Injecting any drug and sharing injecting equipment runs the risk of spreading a virus, such as HIV or hepatitis C. There is also the risk that veins may be damaged, which can lead to infections and/or [[Terminology|gangrene]] which can result in you losing a finger, toe or a limb <ref name="1a"/>.
+No method is safe, but injecting is very risky. Injecting any drug and sharing injecting equipment runs the risk of spreading a virus, such as HIV or hepatitis C. There is also the risk that veins may be damaged, which can lead to infections and/or [[gangrene]] which can result in you losing a finger, toe or a limb <ref name="1a"/>.
 In social situations, ketamine is often used intranasally and orally. And though it can be injected, the rapid onset of effects from oral or nasal use makes it more convenient and marketable than the injectable forms <ref name="14a">Dotson, J. W. and Ackerman, D. L. and West, L. J., '''Ketamine Abuse''', ''Journal of Drug Issues'', 1995, 25, 751-757 </ref>. It is primarily manufactured as an injectable liquid, however, so illicit producers must evaporate the liquid to form a powder that can be snorted or compressed into pills <ref name="15a">'''NIDA Research Report Series, Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs''', 2015, National Institute on Drug Abuse</ref>. Each method of ingestion varies in the amount of time it takes to produce affects in the user: injection generally takes between 1 and 5 minutes; snorted ketamine between 5 and 15 minutes; and oral ingestion between 5 and 30 minutes. The hallucinatory effects of ketamine last approximately one hour or less, but the user's senses, judgment, and coordination may be affected for up to 24 hours following initial use <ref name="16a">'''Club Drugs: MDMA/Ecstasy, Rohypnol, GHB, Ketamine''', 2003, http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/drugfact/club/index.html</ref>, <ref name="9a"/>.
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 * Because of the body's loss of feelings, paralysis of the muscles and the mind's loss of touch with reality, you can be left vulnerable to hurting yourself or being hurt by others.
 * Because you don't feel pain properly when you've recently taken ketamine, you can injure yourself badly and not know you've done it.
-* Ketamine can cause very serious bladder problems, with the urgent and frequen need to pee. This can be very painful and often pee can be blood-stained and can contain tissue from the wall of the bladder. Although stopping using ketamine can help, sometimes the damage can be so serious that the bladder needs to be removed by surgery. The urinary tract, from the kidneys down to the bladder, can also be badly affected and [[Terminology|incontinence]] may also develop.
+* Ketamine can cause very serious bladder problems, with the urgent and frequen need to pee. This can be very painful and often pee can be blood-stained and can contain tissue from the wall of the bladder. Although stopping using ketamine can help, sometimes the damage can be so serious that the bladder needs to be removed by surgery. The urinary tract, from the kidneys down to the bladder, can also be badly affected and [[incontinence]] may also develop.
 * Some users have been known to take higher doses as a way to control the bladder pain caused by ketamine, which in turn increases the risk of bladder damage and pain.
 * Abdominal pain or 'K cramps' have been reported by many long-term users.
 * Evidence of liver damage due to regular, heavy ketamine use is emerging. The liver has a range of important functions, such as cleaning your blood and removing toxic substances.
 * It can make you physically incapable of moving. You can feel completely detached from your body and surroundings, which has been compared to having a near-death experience. This is sometimes called 'entering the k-hole'.
-* Injecting ketamine can damage the veins and can cause serious problems such as [[Terminology|abscesses]] and blood clots. Sharing injecting equipment, including needles and syringes, risks infection with hepatitis C and B viruses and HIV <ref name="1a"/>.
+* Injecting ketamine can damage the veins and can cause serious problems such as [[abscesses]] and blood clots. Sharing injecting equipment, including needles and syringes, risks infection with hepatitis C and B viruses and HIV <ref name="1a"/>.
 === Short-term ===
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 * Ketamine can also be very dangerous when mixed with ecstasy or amphetamines as it causes high blood pressure <ref name="1a"/>.
-As an increasingly popular club drug, ketamine is often associated with [[Terminology|polydrug use]]. It is most commonly mixed with other popular club drugs, such as ecstasy and cocaine (Calvin Klein or CK is a slang term for this combination). Combining ketamine with alcohol or other depressant drugs is particularly dangerous because it increases the risk of losing consciousness <ref name="2a"/>.
+As an increasingly popular club drug, ketamine is often associated with [[polydrug use]]. It is most commonly mixed with other popular club drugs, such as ecstasy and cocaine (Calvin Klein or CK is a slang term for this combination). Combining ketamine with alcohol or other depressant drugs is particularly dangerous because it increases the risk of losing consciousness <ref name="2a"/>.
 Like all anesthetics, Ketamine is not a good mixer. Respiratory depressants like alcohol and valium are particularly risky. At anything above a low level dose (50mg or less), Ketamine is so powerful and complete that for most users, combining it with any other drug only detracts from the experience.
@@ Line 609: / Line 609: @@
 ==== Ketamine bladder ====
-Long-term ketamine use has been shown to damage the bladder and urinary tract, causing 'ketamine cystitis' or 'ketamine bladder syndrome'. This manifests itself in symptoms such as urinary frequency, urgency, pressure, pain, incontinence and/or bleeding from the bladder. The [[Terminology|aetiology]] are not fully understood, but chronic use can cause ulcers/wounds and stiffening of the bladder walls, which shrink the size of the bladder <ref name="2a"/>.
+Long-term ketamine use has been shown to damage the bladder and urinary tract, causing 'ketamine cystitis' or 'ketamine bladder syndrome'. This manifests itself in symptoms such as urinary frequency, urgency, pressure, pain, incontinence and/or bleeding from the bladder. The [[aetiology]] are not fully understood, but chronic use can cause ulcers/wounds and stiffening of the bladder walls, which shrink the size of the bladder <ref name="2a"/>.
 === What are the risks of injecting Ketamine & how can you inject more safely? ===
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 * fast heart beat <ref name="8a"/>.
-Don't hesitate to look for medical help, you won't get in trouble. Talk to your [[Terminology|GP]], who will be able to refer you on to your local addiction service <ref name="8a"/>.
+Don't hesitate to look for medical help, you won't get in trouble. Talk to your [[GP]], who will be able to refer you on to your local addiction service <ref name="8a"/>.
 Giving up ketamine after using it for a long time is challenging because the body has to get used to functioning without it. Withdrawal symptoms usually last for 4 - 6 days <ref name="21a"/>. These symptoms can include -
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 Ketamine, developed in 1962, as CI-581, was first synthesised by Parke-Davis scientist Calvin Stevens. Pharmacological investigations in human subjects began in 1964 and it was initially promoted as a fast acting general anaesthetic. A few years later, in 1970, it was used as a battlefield anaesthetic, as it has less effect on depressing the respiratory system than opioids.
-The first evidence of illicit use of the drug was on the West Coast of America. Later, during the late 1970s and early 1980s abuse began to increase across the country, especially among certain sub-cultures (e.g. [[Terminology|psychonauts]] and 'New Age' spiritualists). It was used in psychiatric and other academic research through the 1970's, culminating in 1978 with the publishing of the neuroscientist and psychoanalyst John Lilly's 'The Scientist' and Marcia Moore, who died of hypothermia in the woods behind her house after a large dose of IV ketamine. Around the same time, ketamine became widely available in a range of formulations including capsules, powder, crystals, tablets, ampoules and solutions.
+The first evidence of illicit use of the drug was on the West Coast of America. Later, during the late 1970s and early 1980s abuse began to increase across the country, especially among certain sub-cultures (e.g. [[psychonauts]] and 'New Age' spiritualists). It was used in psychiatric and other academic research through the 1970's, culminating in 1978 with the publishing of the neuroscientist and psychoanalyst John Lilly's 'The Scientist' and Marcia Moore, who died of hypothermia in the woods behind her house after a large dose of IV ketamine. Around the same time, ketamine became widely available in a range of formulations including capsules, powder, crystals, tablets, ampoules and solutions.
 Starting in the mid-1980's ketamine was beginning to be linked to 'rave' culture, partially as an experience in itself and also as a come-down, 'chill-out' antidote to the psycho-stimulants and hallucinogens popular in the culture.
-Today, there are still valid medicinal uses of ketamine for anaesthetic reasons, though its use is uncommon and tightly restricted. The most common access to ketamine for users has been to obtain it through diversion from pharmaceutical suppliers of legal chemicals or theft from veterinary clinics or purchased from the East, often India, where less stringent controls have been in place in the pharmaceutical industry until quite recently. Ketamine has, over the past few years, been thought of as a 'club drug' (this term is used for a number of illicit drugs, primarily synthetics, that are most commonly encountered at parties, clubs and 'raves'). In the 'MixMag' surveys of recent years ketamine has held a place high on the list of clubbers' most frequently used drugs. This is not to say ketamine is not still popular with [[Terminology|psychonauts]], as it certainly is <ref name="2a"/>.
+Today, there are still valid medicinal uses of ketamine for anaesthetic reasons, though its use is uncommon and tightly restricted. The most common access to ketamine for users has been to obtain it through diversion from pharmaceutical suppliers of legal chemicals or theft from veterinary clinics or purchased from the East, often India, where less stringent controls have been in place in the pharmaceutical industry until quite recently. Ketamine has, over the past few years, been thought of as a 'club drug' (this term is used for a number of illicit drugs, primarily synthetics, that are most commonly encountered at parties, clubs and 'raves'). In the 'MixMag' surveys of recent years ketamine has held a place high on the list of clubbers' most frequently used drugs. This is not to say ketamine is not still popular with [[psychonauts]], as it certainly is <ref name="2a"/>.
 ----

Ketamine - Revision history

Sharon: /* References */

Sharon: /* What are the risks of injecting Ketamine & how can you inject more safely? */

Sharon: /* Classification */

Sharon at 00:14, 30 March 2017

Sharon: Created page with "== Also known as == Vitamin K, super K, special K, K, green, donkey dust, k2, super c, lady k, ket, kit kat, ketaset, ketaject, jet, super acid, purple, mauve, super acid, sp..."