Sharon: /* References */

2017-04-23T15:14:24Z

‎References

Sharon: /* Classification */

2017-04-06T13:56:17Z

‎Classification

Sharon at 23:53, 29 March 2017

2017-03-29T23:53:22Z

Sharon: /* Danger */

2017-03-28T09:31:06Z

‎Danger

Sharon: Created page with "== Danger == '''''Inhala..."

2017-03-27T13:00:58Z

Created page with "== Danger ==    '''''Inhala..."

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← Older revision		Revision as of 13:56, 6 April 2017
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	Inhalant, depressant		Inhalant, depressant
		+	[[Category:Inhalants]]
		+	[[Category:Depressants]]

	== Overview ==		== Overview ==

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 Chemicals in the product alter the user's mental state. Inhalants are cheap and readily available. Inhalant use usually starts at a young age and begins at home. In fact, with more than 1,000 products containing chemical vapours that can be found in the average household, inhalants are always available <ref name="4a">'''Inhalants''', 2015, https://www.addiction.com/a-z/inhalants/</ref>.
-[[Terminology|VSA]] stands for '''Volatile Substance Abuse''', it has previously been called ''Glue Sniffing'' and ''Solvent Abuse''. The VSA term is now used to include all the volatile substances including gases such as butane and aerosols which can be 'sniffed' for their effects <ref name="5a">'''Solvents''', 2014, http://www.dan247.org.uk/Drug_Solvents.asp</ref>.
+[[VSA]] stands for '''Volatile Substance Abuse''', it has previously been called ''Glue Sniffing'' and ''Solvent Abuse''. The VSA term is now used to include all the volatile substances including gases such as butane and aerosols which can be 'sniffed' for their effects <ref name="5a">'''Solvents''', 2014, http://www.dan247.org.uk/Drug_Solvents.asp</ref>.
 == What does it look like? ==
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 Lifetime prevalence of 'inhalant' use among 15- to 16-year-old school students ranged from 3% to 28% in the 24 EU Member States and Norway with ESPAD surveys in 2011. The highest lifetime prevalence rates in the EU are reported in Croatia, Latvia and Slovenia (28%, 23% and 20% respectively). In five countries, reported misuse of 'inhalants' is higher than cannabis use among the students <ref name="2a"/>.
-In any given area, a proportion of adolescents mainly aged between 12 and 16 would have tried inhaling solvents. It is difficult to quantify, but statistics suggest that around 7.6% of secondary school children would have tried solvents at least once. [[Terminology|VSA]] is often sporadic and isolated to hot spots or areas where it is hardly done.
+In any given area, a proportion of adolescents mainly aged between 12 and 16 would have tried inhaling solvents. It is difficult to quantify, but statistics suggest that around 7.6% of secondary school children would have tried solvents at least once. [[VSA]] is often sporadic and isolated to hot spots or areas where it is hardly done.
-Solvent abuse is the only drug where girls not only match boys, but sometimes outnumber them in taking the drug (usually around the age of 13 years). Only a minority will go on to become regular users, often inhaling alone to escape from personal problems. The UK does not measure adult volatile substance abuse. However, the mortality statistics indicate that whilst [[Terminology|VSA]] mortality has fallen amongst young people, the mortality for adults has remained roughly the same since the 1980's.
+Solvent abuse is the only drug where girls not only match boys, but sometimes outnumber them in taking the drug (usually around the age of 13 years). Only a minority will go on to become regular users, often inhaling alone to escape from personal problems. The UK does not measure adult volatile substance abuse. However, the mortality statistics indicate that whilst [[VSA]] mortality has fallen amongst young people, the mortality for adults has remained roughly the same since the 1980's.
 Around 45 people die from solvent abuse every year and some of these fatalities will be first time users. The mortality rates in Scotland, Northern Ireland and the north East of England is higher than in the rest of the UK <ref name="8a">'''Solvents''', 2017, http://www.drugwise.org.uk/solvents/</ref>.
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 Use of this inhalant can cause spontaneous death upon inhalation and is not advisable from a harm reduction point of view.
-This chemical is often found in a compressed form in a can and can be inhaled directly. Using butane as a drug is dangerous due to possible oxygen deprivation. The direct inhalation of the gas can also cause drowsiness, narcosis, asphyxia, and cardiac arrhythmia among other [[Terminology|CNS]] depressant effects. Butane is the most commonly abused volatile organic solvent in the United Kingdom and caused 52% of solvent-related deaths in 2000. When butane is sprayed directly into the throat, the jet of fluid can cool rapidly to the dangerous temperature of −20 °C by adiabatic expansion, causing prolonged laryngospasm and other bodily harm <ref name="10a"/>.
+This chemical is often found in a compressed form in a can and can be inhaled directly. Using butane as a drug is dangerous due to possible oxygen deprivation. The direct inhalation of the gas can also cause drowsiness, narcosis, asphyxia, and cardiac arrhythmia among other [[CNS]] depressant effects. Butane is the most commonly abused volatile organic solvent in the United Kingdom and caused 52% of solvent-related deaths in 2000. When butane is sprayed directly into the throat, the jet of fluid can cool rapidly to the dangerous temperature of −20 °C by adiabatic expansion, causing prolonged laryngospasm and other bodily harm <ref name="10a"/>.
 === Medical anaesthetics ===
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 The intoxication induced by inhalation of volatile substances produces some behavioural effects similar to those due to alcohol. Minutes after inhalation, dizziness, disorientation and a short period of excitation with euphoria are observed, followed by a feeling of light-headedness and a longer period of depression of consciousness.
-Marked changes in mental state are induced in people who misuse toluene and other solvents. Most users report elevation of mood and hallucinations. Potentially dangerous delusions can occur, thoughts are likely to be slowed, time appears to pass more quickly, and tactile hallucinations are common. These behavioural effects are accompanied by visual disturbances, [[Terminology|nystagmus]], incoordination and unsteady gait, slurred speech, abdominal pain and flushing of the skin.
+Marked changes in mental state are induced in people who misuse toluene and other solvents. Most users report elevation of mood and hallucinations. Potentially dangerous delusions can occur, thoughts are likely to be slowed, time appears to pass more quickly, and tactile hallucinations are common. These behavioural effects are accompanied by visual disturbances, [[nystagmus]], incoordination and unsteady gait, slurred speech, abdominal pain and flushing of the skin.
 The duration of action varies greatly, depending largely on the volatility of the compound. The effects of butane last only a few minutes - requiring frequent repeated doses - whereas toluene is much longer acting (more like alcohol) requiring less frequent doses. There are indications that toluene activates the brain's dopamine system that plays a role in the rewarding effects of many psychoactive drugs.
-Most deaths are believed to occur from 'sudden sniffing death syndrome' (SSDS) an irregular and rapid heart rhythm brought on by the use of volatile substances and [[Terminology|anoxia]] or [[Terminology|hypercapnia]] and a sudden stimulus that produces an epinephrine (adrenaline) release. Unless a defibrillator is available, death can result within minutes from a single session in an otherwise healthy young person. Deaths also may result from asphyxiation, particularly if a plastic bag is used to inhale the compound (e.g. when inhaling glue). Deaths from trauma may occur, particularly with the longer acting compounds, e.g. toluene.
+Most deaths are believed to occur from 'sudden sniffing death syndrome' (SSDS) an irregular and rapid heart rhythm brought on by the use of volatile substances and [[anoxia]] or [[hypercapnia]] and a sudden stimulus that produces an epinephrine (adrenaline) release. Unless a defibrillator is available, death can result within minutes from a single session in an otherwise healthy young person. Deaths also may result from asphyxiation, particularly if a plastic bag is used to inhale the compound (e.g. when inhaling glue). Deaths from trauma may occur, particularly with the longer acting compounds, e.g. toluene.
 The chronic exposure to solvents such as toluene damages the protective sheath around certain nerve fibres in the brain and peripheral nervous system. This extensive destruction of nerve fibres may be similar to that seen with neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Trichloroethylene may cause cirrhosis of the liver, reproductive complications, hearing and vision damage.
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 The lethal doses of inhalants vary depending on the substance used.
-Sudden sniffing death syndrome, also known as [[Terminology|SSDS]], is when inhalants indirectly cause sudden death by cardiac arrest, in a syndrome known as 'sudden sniffing death'. In some cases, the anaesthetic gasses present in the inhalants themselves appear to sensitise the user to adrenaline treatment by emergency medical services and, in this state of intoxication, a sudden surge of adrenaline (possibly from a frightening hallucination or run-in with other persons), may cause fatal cardiac arrhythmia.
+Sudden sniffing death syndrome, also known as [[SSDS]], is when inhalants indirectly cause sudden death by cardiac arrest, in a syndrome known as 'sudden sniffing death'. In some cases, the anaesthetic gasses present in the inhalants themselves appear to sensitise the user to adrenaline treatment by emergency medical services and, in this state of intoxication, a sudden surge of adrenaline (possibly from a frightening hallucination or run-in with other persons), may cause fatal cardiac arrhythmia.
 The direct inhalation of any gas or solvent that is capable of displacing oxygen in the lungs, especially gasses heavier than oxygen itself, carries the risk of hypoxia as a result of the very mechanism by which breathing is triggered. Since reflexive breathing is prompted by elevated carbon dioxide levels rather than diminished blood oxygen levels, breathing a concentrated and inert solvent or gas (such as tetrafluoroethane or nitrous oxide) that removes carbon dioxide from the blood without replacing it with oxygen will produce no outward signs of suffocation even when the brain is experiencing hypoxia. Once full symptoms of hypoxia appear, it may be too late to breathe without assistance, especially if the gas is heavy enough to sink down in and remain in the lungs for extended periods of time. Even completely inert gasses, such as argon, can have this effect if oxygen is largely excluded. This dangerous nature of heavy gasses makes many inhalants inherently unsafe <ref name="10a"/>.
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 The contents of a tin, aerosol or cannister may be emptied into a bag or sprayed onto a cloth or sleeve and the vapours inhaled. Some users spray the contents of an aerosol or butane canister directly into the mouth <ref name="5a"/>.
-Products used as inhalants are sniffed, snorted, [[Terminology|bagged]], or [[Terminology|huffed]] as a way of inhaling the fumes to produce the desired high <ref name="11a">'''Inhalants: Uses, Symptoms, Signs and Addiction Treatment''', 2016, http://addictionlibrary.org/prescription/inhalants.html</ref>.
+Products used as inhalants are sniffed, snorted, [[bagged]], or [[huffed]] as a way of inhaling the fumes to produce the desired high <ref name="11a">'''Inhalants: Uses, Symptoms, Signs and Addiction Treatment''', 2016, http://addictionlibrary.org/prescription/inhalants.html</ref>.
 == Signs of usage ==
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 === Short-term effects ===
-In addition to the above, inhalants can kill a person by heart attack or suffocation as the inhaled fumes take the place of oxygen in the lungs and [[Terminology|central nervous system]]. Someone on inhalants may also suddenly react with extreme violence <ref name="13a">'''Inhalants''', 2016, http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/drugs/inhalants.html</ref>.
+In addition to the above, inhalants can kill a person by heart attack or suffocation as the inhaled fumes take the place of oxygen in the lungs and [[central nervous system]]. Someone on inhalants may also suddenly react with extreme violence <ref name="13a">'''Inhalants''', 2016, http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/drugs/inhalants.html</ref>.
 === Long-term effects ===
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 === Long-term ===
-There is very little research into the long term risks from [[Terminology|VSA]]. However the inhaling of some solvents can cause -
+There is very little research into the long term risks from [[VSA]]. However the inhaling of some solvents can cause -
 * hearing loss,
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 Side-effects vary according to the user and the substance and quantity used. It may include headaches, nausea and soreness of the throat. Extended use may cause unconsciousness.
-Some other warning signs will include weight loss/gain, memory problems, respiratory problems, depression, displays of aggression and paranoia, anxiety and frustration. This cluster of psychiatric difficulties can lead to self harming and suicidal ideation. This is clearly a situation that requires professional help. Contact your local [[Terminology|GP]], specialist service or Release.
+Some other warning signs will include weight loss/gain, memory problems, respiratory problems, depression, displays of aggression and paranoia, anxiety and frustration. This cluster of psychiatric difficulties can lead to self harming and suicidal ideation. This is clearly a situation that requires professional help. Contact your local [[GP]], specialist service or Release.
 Solvent use represents a significant cause of death or injury among young people. In 1999, 73 people died as a result of volatile substances use <ref name="6a"/>. Causes of death or injury include -
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 Quoted in Brecher ''Licit and illicit drugs'', Little Brown 1972.
-The modern day phenomenon of [[Terminology|VSA]] among young people was first reported in America in the 1950's. The first case of solvent abuse in the UK was reported in 1962, but only in late seventies did the incidence of [[Terminology|VSA]] increase substantially.
+The modern day phenomenon of [[VSA]] among young people was first reported in America in the 1950's. The first case of solvent abuse in the UK was reported in 1962, but only in late seventies did the incidence of [[VSA]] increase substantially.
 In the 1970's and 80's the concern focused on the sniffing of glue but more recently inhaling aerosols, butane cigarette lighter refills and other products has become much more common. Some commentators have suggested that this trend from glue to gas has been one of the effects of the 1985 Intoxicating Substances (Supply) Act, designed to prevent shopkeepers selling glue to young people - and that this led to people inhaling more dangerous products <ref name="8a"/>.

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 == Danger ==
-<!-- #+ATTR_LATEX: :float wrap :width 0.15\textwidth :placement {R}{0.2\textwidth} -->
+[[File:skull.jpg]]
 '''''Inhalants can be fatal at any dosage and are impossible to use safely.'''''

Inhalants - Revision history

Sharon: /* References */

Sharon: /* Classification */

Sharon at 23:53, 29 March 2017

Sharon: /* Danger */

Sharon: Created page with "== Danger == '''''Inhala..."