https://drugfacts.org.uk/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Sharon&feedformat=atomDrugFacts - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T01:55:55ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.31.1https://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=Anabolic_Steroids&diff=748Anabolic Steroids2018-08-15T21:37:44Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Also known as ==<br />
<br />
Roids, juice, gym candy, pumpers, andro, stackers, basement drugs, fakes, arnolds, weight trainers<br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
<br />
Synthetic hormone<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Steroids are drugs that mimic certain natural hormones in the body that regulate and control how the body works and develops. There are two main groups of natural steroids - anabolic steroids and corticosteroids. It is the anabolic steroids that tend to be misused, mainly because they are similar to the male hormone testosterone and they can improve endurance and performance and stimulate muscle growth.<br />
<br />
Some people take the anabolic steroids to help build muscles or to try and look more 'manly'. Other people take them to improve how they perform at sports, such as sprinting and cycling <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016">'''Anabolic steroids''', 2016, http://www.talktofrank.com/drug/anabolic-steroids</ref>.<br />
<br />
The key effects of anabolic steroids include -<br />
<br />
* They may help sports players train harder and longer.<br />
* If taken alongside a strenuous exercise regime, they may help with faster recovery times and with the building up of muscle mass.<br />
* They can make some users feel paranoid, irritable, aggressive or even violent, and they can cause dramatic mood swings.<br />
* They can sometimes cause unwanted changes in appearance <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
Anabolic steroids are available as tablets or as a liquid for injection.<br />
<br />
In medicine, they can be used to treat anaemia and muscle weakness after surgery.<br />
<br />
They're used by some bodybuilders, athletes and other sports people because of the performance enhancing effects, and these users may consume 10-100 times the medical dose. Some younger people use them to try and look more attractive, despite risking the negative effects on their looks <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
== What does it look like? ==<br />
<br />
Steroids are readily available in many gyms and are sold as tablets/capsules or ampoules <ref name="RELEASE, 2017">'''Steroids''', 2017, http://www.release.org.uk/drugs/steroids</ref>.<br />
<br />
Raw steroids are supplied as white powder, though they are never sold at a street level in this form. The powder is then made up in to preparations - tablets for oral consumption, and oil (or water-based) preparations for injection.<br />
<br />
Products intended for injection will generally come in a glass ampoule or vial. These may have a snap-off top or a rubber stopper. Vials will generally have an adhesive label or be etched with details, and distributed in printed boxes. Some of the tablet forms may come in foil packaging, in printed boxes like 'normal' medicines. Some oral steroids will be supplied in medicine-style packaging with foil-blister tablets and product leaflets. However, other tablets may well be sold simply in plastic bags, with no additional packaging to assist with identification <ref name="KFX, 2017">'''Anabolic Steroids''', 2017, http://www.kfx.org.uk/drug_facts/drug_facts_anabolic_steroids.php</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Source ==<br />
<br />
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), are manufactured steroid hormones related to the hormone testosterone. Anabolic refers to muscle-building and androgenic refers to increased male sexual characteristics. Steroids refers to the class of drugs. Diverted from pharmaceutical industry or imported into Britain <ref name="DAN247, 2014">'''Steroids''', 2014, http://www.dan247.org.uk/Drug_Steroids.asp</ref>.<br />
<br />
Key anabolic steroids are made synthetically. Some are made for legitimate medical use and are prescribed. They may be used to treat wasting illnesses, dwarfism, gender reassignment and other conditions. Others are made to pharmaceutical standards and are then sold on the grey market for body building. Others are made in 'Underground Labs' (UG) around the world and sold for their use as performance drugs.<br />
<br />
Most of the anabolic steroids used in the UK are manufactured abroad and imported in the UK. Some are purchased on-line; others are purchased abroad by users and imported back in to the UK for personal use. The rest are illegally imported in to the UK and then sold on by suppliers, especially through Gym circles <ref name="KFX, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
== Prevalence ==<br />
<br />
Use of anabolic steroids has rapidly increased in the UK in recent years. No-one knows for sure how many users there are but some surveys show between 20% - 40% of those attending some gyms use them. Those identified as using steroids include sports people, bodybuilders, doormen and security guards.<br />
<br />
Young men are getting involved in taking steroids not for sporting purposes or competitive body building, but to improve their body image. There are some reports of 'reverse anorexia' - people thinking they can never be big enough.<br />
<br />
According to Home Office statistics, anabolic steroid use fell among 16 to 24 year olds from 0.5% in 2014/15 to 0.1% in 2015/16. This percentage equates to around 4,000 young adults reporting using anabolic steroids in the last year. 0.2% of adults aged 16 - 59 reported using steroids in the last year - i.e. around 8,000 people <ref name="DRUGWISE, 2017">'''Anabolic steroids''', 2017, http://www.drugwise.org.uk/performance-and-image-enhancing-drugs-pieds/</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Street price ==<br />
<br />
Cost is hugely variable, depending on the type of steroid bought, the quality and the quantity. Single tablets are ineffective - so people will tend to use a combination of drugs over a period of time (a cycle). A simple, short cycle that may only last a few weeks and using basic, easily sourced compounds, could cost less than £100. Longer cycles using larger combinations could cost many times this. The cost of special diets and additional compounds can make things more expensive <ref name="KFX, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
Anabolic steroids cost approximately £20 for 100 tablets but prices can vary from region to region <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
== Why take it? ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* assists the male sexual function,<br />
* enhances libido,<br />
* increases production of red blood cells (good for building muscles) <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>,<br />
* enhanced muscle mass,<br />
* enhanced performance,<br />
* greater physical definition <ref name="DAN247, 2014"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* liver damage (especially tablet form),<br />
* can reduce testicle size <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>,<br />
* inability to get an erection,<br />
* sterility/impotence,<br />
* shrinking and hardening of testicles,<br />
* breast enlargement,<br />
* enlarged clitoris,<br />
* disruption to menstrual cycle,<br />
* growth of facial hair,<br />
* acne,<br />
* deepening of the voice <ref name="DAN247, 2014"/>.<br />
<br />
== Who uses steroids and why? ==<br />
<br />
* '''competitive athletes''' - who are motived by their desire to succeed,<br />
* '''people concerned about their body image''' - recreational weight trainers and body builders and people working in the fashion and entertainment industries, <br />
* '''body building professionals''' - people involved in body building as a competitive sport,<br />
* '''people who need muscle strength to do their job''' - bodyguards, security personal, construction workers, police and members of the armed services, <br />
* '''young men''' - who want to increase their athletic performance or who are striving to reach the same physical appearance that is often portrayed in the media <ref name="1a">Peters, R. and Copeland, J. and Dillon, P., '''Steroid Facts''', 1999, isbn 0 7334 2180 6, https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/resource/steroid-facts</ref>, <ref name="2a">'''Steroids''', 2016, http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/fact-sheets/steroids</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Pharmacology ==<br />
<br />
Anabolic Steroids are a class of synthetic drugs whose effects mimic the naturally-occurring male hormone testosterone. They are used medically and non-medically to enhance performance (mainly in sport).<br />
<br />
They may be administered orally, injected, applied on the skin as a gel or cream and are available as patches. For more information on routes of administration, including harm reduction visit our 'safer injecting' section here.<br />
<br />
Pharmacologically, they stimulate both the development of the male characteristics that develop after puberty in both male and female users (androgenic effects) and the production of proteins in muscle and bone tissue (anabolic effects). The extent to which each of these effects occurs is determined by minor variations in the basic chemical structure of each anabolic steroid. With a few medical exceptions, the anabolic effects of these drugs are the primary reason for their use.<br />
<br />
Androgenic effects of anabolic steroid use include - increased body hair growth; increased aggressiveness; baldness; a deepening of the voice; acne and increased sexual drive. After stopping using anabolic steroids following regular use, body may experience difficulty in naturally-producing its own testosterone.<br />
<br />
A main anabolic effect is an increase in protein production. This leads to an increase in skeletal muscle mass and a reduction in fat, possibly due to a mechanism causing new cells to develop into skeletal muscle cells rather than fat cells. Subsequently, this leads to an increase in strength.<br />
<br />
Anabolic steroids are fat-soluble while the barriers of their target cells (cell membranes) are also fatty. Therefore, following administration, anabolic steroids readily enter cells in the body, particularly those in the reproductive tissue, muscle and fat as these are prime targets for their pharmacological action. Here they bind to specific steroid receptors, with the chemical structure of each steroid determining the extent of this binding. The resulting steroid-receptor complex elicits its pharmacological actions through sending signals to other parts of the cell or by activating genes that express the steroid’s effects <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Mechanism of action ===<br />
<br />
They increase the building of cell proteins, which results in the build up of cellular tissue, especially in muscles. Anabolic steroids also have properties that include the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics such as the growth of the vocal cords and body hair <ref name="DAN247, 2014"/>.<br />
<br />
The main product groups mimic the effect of the sex hormone testosterone. Using this at significant doses puts the user in to an anabolic state - where muscle cells are instructed to take protein and convert it in to muscle. The high levels of hormone, combined with a protein-rich diet and correct exercise and rest can result in rapid and significant muscular development <ref name="KFX, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
== Mode of use ==<br />
<br />
* '''Swallowed''' - tablets/capsules are swallowed (ingested),<br />
* '''Injected''' - ampoules are injected into muscle <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
Steroids should never be injected into a vein <ref name="DAN247, 2014"/>. <br />
<br />
== Signs of usage ==<br />
<br />
Steroid use is not always readily identified without testing or screening as successful 'natural' training can result in significant muscular development and be misconstrued as steroid use. Heavy training and use of dietary supplements is not an indicator of steroid use <ref name="KFX, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
* very rapid weight gain,<br />
* mood changes,<br />
* increased acne,<br />
* bloating due to water retention <ref name="KFX, 2017"/>,<br />
* [[gynaecomastia]],<br />
* hair loss,<br />
* body hair growth,<br />
* unstable emotions,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* change in behaviour,<br />
* loss of interest in usual activities,<br />
* burst of anger,<br />
* trouble at school, work and home,<br />
* withdrawal symptoms when abruptly stopping the use of steroids <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
== Effects ==<br />
<br />
Sports players and body building enthusiasts have claimed that anabolic steroids -<br />
<br />
* make them able to train harder and longer,<br />
* help them to recover from strenuous exercise faster,<br />
* build muscle mass, when taken alongside a strenuous exercise regime,<br />
* anabolic steroids can make some users feel paranoid, irritable, aggressive or even violent, and it can induce mood swings,<br />
* they can sometimes cause unwanted changes in appearance like acne or shrunken testicles <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
Steroids affect everyone differently. The following may be experienced -<br />
<br />
* water retention - leading to facial bloating, known as oedema,<br />
* acne - leading to permanent scarring,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* mood swings,<br />
* more frequent colds,<br />
* aggression,<br />
* violence,<br />
* increased sex drive,<br />
* sleeping difficulties <ref name="3a">Hartgens, F. and Kuipers, H., '''Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes''', ''Sports Medicine'', 2004, 34, 8, 513-554, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15248788</ref>, <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
Because anabolic steroids are modelled on male hormones, they can have a masculinising effect on the body, and some of these effects may be permanent. Unwanted side-effects may be greater when steroids are taken in high doses or when used together in different combinations (known as 'stacking') <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Women ===<br />
<br />
* increase in body hair,<br />
* deepening of the voice,<br />
* loss of head hair,<br />
* enlargement of the clitoris,<br />
* decrease in breast size <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>,<br />
* excessive hair growth,<br />
* abnormal menstrual cycles <ref name="4a">'''Anabolic Steroids''', 2013, http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/steroids.asp</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Men ===<br />
<br />
* decrease in sperm production,<br />
* decrease in testes size,<br />
* development of breast tissue <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>,<br />
* damage to the heart,<br />
* impotence,<br />
* difficulty or pain while urinating,<br />
* liver disease,<br />
* liver cancer <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Short-term effects ===<br />
<br />
* acne,<br />
* mood swings,<br />
* fatigue,<br />
* restlessness/agitation,<br />
* decreased appetite,<br />
* trouble sleeping,<br />
* decreased sperm count,<br />
* impotence <ref name="5a">'''The Effects of Steroid Use''', 2016, http://drugabuse.com/library/the-effects-of-steroid-use/</ref>,<br />
* fluid retention,<br />
* rapid weight gain,<br />
* increased blood pressure and cholesterol levels,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* reduced sexual functioning,<br />
* increase in muscle size,<br />
* swelling of feet and ankles,<br />
* improved healing,<br />
* improved appetite <ref name="4a"/>,<br />
* higher pain threshold,<br />
* the ability to build muscle much more quickly than a person who is not using steroids <ref name="11a">AllAboutCounseling.com, '''Steroids Overdose''', 2018, https://www.allaboutcounseling.com/library/steroids-overdose/</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Long-term effects ===<br />
<br />
The long term effects of steroids and the possibility of a steroids overdose should be significant considerations for people who are considering these drugs <ref name="11a"/>.<br />
<br />
* anger and aggression (so-called 'roid rage'),<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* delusions,<br />
* heart attack,<br />
* stroke,<br />
* kidney failure,<br />
* tumours in the liver,<br />
* blood-borne diseases from injection use <ref name="5a"/>,<br />
* blood clotting difficulties,<br />
* clotting disorders,<br />
* cardiovascular, liver, and reproductive organ damage,<br />
* reduced sexual functioning,<br />
* stunted growth in adolescents,<br />
* increased chance of injuring ligaments, tendons and muscles,<br />
* when injecting - bacterial infections, abscesses, cellulitis, and HIV/AIDS,<br />
* increase in muscle size <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
* kidney or prostate cancer,<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* depression <ref name="6a">Kanayama, G. and Hudson, J. I. and Pope Jr, H. G., '''Long-term psychiatric and medical consequences of anabolic–androgenic steroid abuse: A looming public health concern?''', ''Drug and alcohol dependence'', 2008, 98, 1, 1-12, doi 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.05.004, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599224</ref>, <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Overdose ===<br />
<br />
Steroids overdose can occur when a drug user takes a large amount of anabolic steroids, and while a fatal dose is highly unlikely, overdose can cause -<br />
<br />
* liver damage,<br />
* trembling muscles,<br />
* anxiety <ref name="11a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== The effects of anabolic steroids use ===<br />
<br />
Most steroid users take amounts of anabolic steroids that are safe in the short-term, and the risk of overdose is extremely small. In the short term, however, there are still some significant side effects of steroids use. Anabolic steroids are, after all, a synthetic version of testosterone, and adding them to a workout regimen results in many of the same symptoms as adding more dangerous testosterone injections.<br />
<br />
Men who take anabolic steroids may become bald. Their testicles often shrink, and impotency is a common side-effect. Some men experience pain when urinating and may have other painful symptoms, although reproductive symptoms are most likely.<br />
<br />
Women who take anabolic steroids may grow facial hair and have a reduction in female sex characteristics; the breasts can shrink, for instance, and the voice may become deeper.<br />
<br />
These effects are often ignored or downplayed by steroid users, who tend to be focused on improving their physical performance and appearance <ref name="11a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== The long term dangers of anabolic steroid use ===<br />
<br />
There are a number of long term dangers of anabolic steroids that exceed the immediate dangers of using these drugs. Regular users can eventually succumb to liver failure, and higher rates of cancer have also been reported in steroid users.<br />
<br />
The psychological effects of steroids are being researched, and there are some indications that regular steroid use can cause a litany of mental health problems. Suicide is a serious problem among steroid users, as is aggression and violence. Steroid users may also be more likely to experiment with other drugs, especially stimulants like cocaine, and this can lead to death, coma, stroke, or heart attack. Depending on the type and amount of steroids taken, other long term effects may be possible <ref name="11a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
Taking anabolic steroids does involve risks. There's the harms you can do to your own body and health. But also, because anabolic steroids can make you feel paranoid, aggressive and violent for no reason, it's not that unusual for anabolic steroid users to lash out or attack family and friends <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
Here's what else steroids can do to you -<br />
<br />
* If you're young, anabolic steroids can mess up how your body develops, stopping you from growing properly.<br />
* If you're male, regular use can lead to erection problems, growing of breasts, becoming sterile, loss of hair and development of acne. It can also make your testicles shrink.<br />
* If you're female, you can develop more masculine characteristics - with extra facial hair, loss of hair on the head, a deeper voice, shrinking breasts, and an enlarged clitoris; as well as risking acne, an increased risk of menstrual problems and changes in sex drive.<br />
* Steroids can also give you high blood pressure and increase your risk of illness and death due to liver failure, stroke or heart attack.<br />
* Regular users may find that they start having trouble sleeping. They may get paranoid, or may experience dramatic mood swings; and even violence can occur alongside strong feelings of aggression.<br />
* Injecting any drug, even steroids, can damage your veins and cause ulcers and [[gangrene]], particularly with dirty needles or poor injecting technique. Sharing needles, syringes and other injecting works can help spread HIV, hepatitis C and other infections <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
There are worries about the quality and safety of anabolic steroids that are sold on the black market, with falsified, substandard and counterfeit anabolic steroids not being uncommon.<br />
<br />
Some of these counterfeit anabolic steroids may not have the effect that the buyer wanted. Some have no active ingredient at all <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
There may also be an increased risk of coronary heart disease due to increased blood pressure and raised cholesterol levels <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Men may develop ===<br />
<br />
* prominent breasts,<br />
* baldness,<br />
* shrunken testicles,<br />
* infertility,<br />
* impotence,<br />
* prostate gland enlargement <ref name="7a">'''Performance-enhancing drugs: Know the risks''', 2015, http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/performance-enhancing-drugs/art-20046134</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Women may develop ===<br />
<br />
* a deeper voice,<br />
* an enlarged clitoris,<br />
* increased body hair,<br />
* baldness,<br />
* infrequent or absent periods <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Both men and women might experience ===<br />
<br />
* severe acne,<br />
* increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture,<br />
* liver abnormalities and tumours,<br />
* increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (the 'bad' cholesterol),<br />
* decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (the 'good' cholesterol),<br />
* high blood pressure (hypertension),<br />
* heart and circulatory problems,<br />
* aggressive behaviours, rage or violence,<br />
* psychiatric disorders, such as depression,<br />
* drug dependence,<br />
* infections or diseases such as HIV or hepatitis if you're injecting the drugs,<br />
* inhibited growth and development, and risk of future health problems in teenagers <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Short-term ===<br />
<br />
* psychiatric symptoms,<br />
* aggression,<br />
* violence,<br />
* mania,<br />
* mood swings <ref name="DAN247, 2014"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Long-term ===<br />
<br />
* dependence,<br />
* tolerance,<br />
* liver damage,<br />
* heart disease,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* increased aggression,<br />
* harmful changes in cholesterol,<br />
* acne,<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* dangerous changes in the structure of the heart,<br />
* vein damage,<br />
* ulcers,<br />
* [[gangrene]] <ref name="DAN247, 2014"/>.<br />
<br />
== Purity ==<br />
<br />
Genuine pharmacy-grade products should be sterile, of known strength and quality. However faking of pharma-grade products is widespread. Counterfeits and underground lab products may vary widely in composition, strength and may not be sterile. Analysis routinely finds products on sale that contain no active product, is under (or over) dosed, or contains a different drug to that stated. As with any other non-medical compound, the quality of product is an inevitable risk <ref name="KFX, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
There are worries about the quality and safety of anabolic steroids that are sold on the black market, with falsified, substandard and counterfeit anabolic steroids not being uncommon.<br />
<br />
Some of these counterfeit anabolic steroids may not have the effect that the buyer wanted. Some have no active ingredient at all <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
Many [[PIED]]s sold in gyms are counterfeit or designed for veterinary use. Counterfeit [[PIED]]s pose additional risks. Many are made without the controls of legitimate drugs, and so vary in purity and also safety. Like most illicit drugs, you can never be sure of what is in them. Because [[PIED]] users often inject their drugs, sometimes in large quantities over a long period of time, they bypass their body's natural defences to impurities and infections and run considerable risks. Counterfeits also vary in strength, which again can affect the safety of short and long-term use <ref name="DRUGWISE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
== Addiction ==<br />
=== Can you get addicted ===<br />
<br />
You can easily become psychologically dependent on anabolic steroid use (meaning you develop an increased tendency to keep taking the drug even in spite of possible harmful effects).<br />
<br />
Withdrawal symptoms have been reported soon after stopping, including headaches, lethargy and depression <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
Anabolic steroid use may lead to dependency. Dependency on the drug is illustrated in the feeling that you cannot function normally without the steroids in your system. Overuse leads to an increase of the hormones in the body, and it can cause more severe side-effects than lower doses.<br />
<br />
When the drug is stopped, you may be left with a strong feeling that you need to take them again. This occurs even though there are unpleasant and sometimes severe side-effects taking place. In these cases, withdrawal treatment may be necessary. Withdrawal should be monitored by medical professionals to help eliminate side-effects or reduce their impact <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
Each user experiences their own unique feelings when using steroids and coming off the drug. Evidence for steroid addiction is certainly not as strong as it is for other drugs like cocaine or heroin. Though it is clear that people develop a tolerance and dependence on them and willingly experience negative consequences when using steroids - both of which are signs for drug dependence <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Withdrawal ==<br />
<br />
Anabolic steroid withdrawal treatment is usually done through a tapering programme to minimise the withdrawal symptoms that can include -<br />
<br />
* apathy and depression,<br />
* difficulty concentrating,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* a decreased sex drive,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* joint and muscle pain,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* anorexia,<br />
* fatigue <ref name="5a"/>,<br />
* mood swings,<br />
* restlessness,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* craving <ref name="4a"/>,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* intestinal upset,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* diarrhoea <ref name="8a">'''Steroids: Uses, Symptoms, Signs and Addiction Treatment''', 2017, http://addictionlibrary.org/illicit/steroids.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
Depression could be the most dangerous effect of withdrawal because it can be intense and long-lasting. In some case, suicidal thoughts or attempts may occur during withdrawal.<br />
<br />
Seeking treatment from medical and mental health professionals can help to ensure safety during withdrawal and avoid the negative consequences. Most treatment can be accomplished on an outpatient basis. If other substances are being abused in combination, inpatient or residential rehab programmes may be more appropriate.<br />
<br />
Fortunately, treating abuse, addiction, and dependence on anabolic steroids is manageable and safe in the short-term. Ongoing treatment will help to reduce the risks of relapse and help understand the motivating factors that lead to steroid abuse <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
Although steroids are not addictive, people can find themselves relying on them to build confidence and self-esteem18. This reliance can make it difficult to stop using them in the longer term. Fear of losing muscle size or definition can lead to depression and the pressure to continue use <ref name="3a"/>.<br />
<br />
It can take up to four months to restore the body's natural testosterone levels (if taking high doses for an extended period of time) <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Legality ==<br />
<br />
* Anabolic steroids are Class C drugs to be sold only by pharmacists with a doctor's prescription.<br />
* It's legal to possess or import steroids as long as they're for personal use. Importation or exportation of steroids for personal use can only be carried out in person. Importation or exportation of steroids for personal use using postal, courier or freight services is now illegal.<br />
* Possession or importing with intent to supply (which includes giving them to friends) is illegal and could lead to 14 years in prison and an unlimited fine <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
Many sporting organisations have banned the use of certain steroids. These organisations carry out tests for the banned steroids. If someone tests positive they can be disqualified from competing for certain periods of time, or even banned for life <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Did you know? ===<br />
<br />
* A conviction for a drug-related offence could have a serious impact. It can stop you visiting certain countries - for example the United States - and limit the types of jobs you can apply for <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
== Harm reduction ==<br />
<br />
Steroids may be used in two forms, either orally in tablet form or injected in a water based or oil based solution. There are serious risks associated with injecting, which are explained below.<br />
<br />
Courses of steroids, known as 'cycles', last between 4 and 12 weeks. It is common to use a combination of steroids at the same time, which is known as 'stacking'. This can cause an increase in adverse side effects (see below).<br />
<br />
If you are using steroids, it is important that you give your body a break after each cycle of at least 4 weeks, or at least of the same duration as the last cycle <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
=== What are the risks of injecting steroids & how you can inject more safely? ===<br />
<br />
Injecting is never completely safe.<br />
<br />
Where steroids are injected and syringes are shared, there is a risk of infection with blood borne viruses such as HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis. Those continuing to inject can protect themselves to some degree by using clean equipment and not sharing with anyone else. Always use a new syringe. Swabbing the area for injection with alcohol wipes beforehand is advised. All this equipment is available from needle exchanges and some pharmacies.<br />
<br />
Injecting oily liquids into veins can be fatal. It is safer to inject into large muscle areas ('intra-muscular injection'), e.g. the upper, outer buttock quadrant on each side (other areas of the buttock can be very dangerous, risking paralysis), upper arm or thigh. It is dangerous to use small needles for intra-muscular injection as they may break off in hard muscle. A detachable needle/barrel combination should be used. It is advisable to use a long (green or blue top) needle, leaving the upper ¼ of the needle exposed upon insertion.<br />
<br />
Injecting large amounts of oil based steroids in one dose may lead to an infection developing under the skin <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
Steroids should only be injected with a prescription for a specific medical reason or under medical supervision.<br />
<br />
Injecting more than the recommended dose does not create larger muscles - the muscle simply becomes saturated. Higher doses only raise the risks of more adverse side effects without providing any additional benefits <ref name="9a">Daly, R. C. and Su, T. P. and Schmidt, P. J. and Pagliaro, M. and Pickar, D. and Rubinow, D. R., '''Neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of high-dose anabolic steroid administration in male normal volunteers''', ''Psychoneuroendocrinology'', 2003, 28, 3, 317-331, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12573299</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is not necessary to inject directly into specific muscles as the steroids are transported to all muscle groups via the bloodstream <ref name="10a">Busche, K., '''Neurologic disorders associated with weight lifting and bodybuilding''', ''Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America'', 2009, 20, 1, 273-286, doi 10.1016/j.ncl.2007.11.008, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18295098</ref>.<br />
<br />
There are many steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of harm caused by long-term steroid use.<br />
<br />
These include -<br />
<br />
* using lower doses to reduce the risk of side effects,<br />
* never injecting steroids directly into biceps, calf muscles or pectorals, to avoid causing permanent nerve damage, <br />
* avoiding repeatedly injecting steroids into the same area of the body,<br />
* limiting cycles to 8 to 10 weeks to rest the kidneys, liver and endocrine system,<br />
* avoiding sharing injecting equipment with others to reduce the risk of contracting a blood-borne virus such as HIV or Hepatitis C, <br />
* using a clean needle from an unopened package with every injection,<br />
* avoiding combining steroids with diuretics such as caffeine, alcohol and other drugs like amphetamines (such as 'ice' and 'speed'), <br />
* injecting steroids in a sterile location,<br />
* discussing steroid use with a doctor, even if it is without a prescription,<br />
* discussing the perceived need to take steroids with a counsellor <ref name="9a"/>, <ref name="10a"/>, <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Treatment ==<br />
<br />
Steroid users often find it difficult to stop using steroids, even after overdosing and experiencing difficult physical symptoms. Addiction treatment can be enormously helpful for these individuals. Therapists who offer addiction treatment will help steroid abusers to stop using drugs and will steer them away from future drug use - not just steroid use. They will help to treat some of the psychological effects of steroids. Some steroid users also have body image issues which need to be approached therapeutically. Therapy may take the form of one-on-one treatment, group treatment, or any of a number of other options depending on the patient.<br />
<br />
Stopping steroid use is essential to prevent the long-term and potentially fatal consequences of anabolic steroid use. Overdose is a significant problem, but if you or someone you know is using steroids, stopping the use of steroids is essential for overall mental and physical health <ref name="11a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Paraphernalia ==<br />
<br />
If injected, needles and syringes <ref name="DAN247, 2014"/>.<br />
<br />
== Trends ==<br />
<br />
There is widespread agreement in the drugs field that there has been an increase in the number of people presenting to services, especially for needle exchange. It is likely that this is in part due to increased use of anabolic steroids, but may also be because some services are making more of an effort to engage with steroid users.<br />
<br />
Increased interest in steroids, and easy access to both information and drugs via the internet has made steroids more readily available to a wider audience.<br />
<br />
However, credible information about levels of steroid use in the UK is not easy to come by. Users rarely present for treatment, do not tend to commit trigger offences which would result in testing on arrest, and people are not tested for steroids anyway. Not all steroid users inject; of those that do not all use needle exchanges, and not all needle exchanges reliably record if steroids were being used.<br />
<br />
Some steroid users are concerned that statistical evidence of growing steroid use will result in legal changes and so actively discourage use of needle exchange and of any surveys about steroid use. The Crime Survey of England and Wales reports that around 0.3% of 16 - 24 year olds used anabolic steroids in the last year, but this is liable to be a significant under-estimate <ref name="KFX, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
It has been suggested that the roots of interest in boosting strength or endurance capacity by supplementing the human hormonal system through ingesting the testicles of animals of power or endurance such as the bull or goat before dangerous or arduous physical tasks lies in the ancient world.<br />
<br />
It was not until 1931 that a German chemist, Adolph Berthold, discovered the hormone androstenone by extracting this hormone from urine. It was already known that the testes contain a more powerful androgen than androstenone. This hormone was first identified in a May 1935 research paper called ''On Crystalline Male Hormone from Testicles (Testosterone)''. They named the hormone testosterone, from the stems of testicle and sterol and the suffix of ketone. The chemical synthesis of testosterone was achieved in August that year, when Butenandt and G. Hanisch published a paper describing ''A Method for Preparing Testosterone from Cholesterol''. Unfortunately for them, a race had developed in three counties by competing scientists for this breakthrough and it was the German pair of Ruzicka and Butenandt who, although pipped to the publishing post, were offered the Nobel Prize for this ground breaking achievement.<br />
<br />
In a nice slice of irony, the Nazi administration suggested they refuse (the award was accepted post-War), while it appears that Hitler himself, according to his physician, was injected with testosterone derivatives to treat various ailments.<br />
<br />
In a variant on the USA/USSR Cold War competition, Dr John Ziegler, the U.S Olympic team doctor, developed methandrostenolone, which is known as Dianabol or 'd'bol'. Ciba Pharmaceuticals was the first to market Dianabol in 1958, although its competitive use pre-dates this. Unfortunately, Ziegler soon discovered that those having over-used Dianabol suffered from enlarged prostates and atrophied testes.<br />
<br />
The issue of 'doping in sport' has rarely been out of the news since then, as trainers and team doctors devise new compounds and masking agents. Steroids are commonly used in cycles by people looking to 'bulk up', by competition body builders and by people with body dysmorphic issues <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
Use of performance enhancing drugs has been going on ever since the Olympic Games of ancient Greece. Anabolic steroids were first used by athletes in the mid 1950's and by the 1960's their use was widespread.<br />
<br />
They were banned by the International Olympic Committee in the 1970's, but this didn't stop their use and in the 1980's doping became a big issue at the Olympic games and other sporting events. Drug testing came into many sports and a number of famous athletes failed tests and were banned from competing. As drug testing became more sophisticated new ways were found to avoid being found positive <ref name="DRUGWISE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
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== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=Anabolic_Steroids&diff=747Anabolic Steroids2018-08-15T21:35:58Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Also known as ==<br />
<br />
Roids, juice, gym candy, pumpers, andro, stackers, basement drugs, fakes, arnolds, weight trainers<br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
<br />
Synthetic hormone<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Steroids are drugs that mimic certain natural hormones in the body that regulate and control how the body works and develops. There are two main groups of natural steroids - anabolic steroids and corticosteroids. It is the anabolic steroids that tend to be misused, mainly because they are similar to the male hormone testosterone and they can improve endurance and performance and stimulate muscle growth.<br />
<br />
Some people take the anabolic steroids to help build muscles or to try and look more 'manly'. Other people take them to improve how they perform at sports, such as sprinting and cycling <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016">'''Anabolic steroids''', 2016, http://www.talktofrank.com/drug/anabolic-steroids</ref>.<br />
<br />
The key effects of anabolic steroids include -<br />
<br />
* They may help sports players train harder and longer.<br />
* If taken alongside a strenuous exercise regime, they may help with faster recovery times and with the building up of muscle mass.<br />
* They can make some users feel paranoid, irritable, aggressive or even violent, and they can cause dramatic mood swings.<br />
* They can sometimes cause unwanted changes in appearance <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
Anabolic steroids are available as tablets or as a liquid for injection.<br />
<br />
In medicine, they can be used to treat anaemia and muscle weakness after surgery.<br />
<br />
They're used by some bodybuilders, athletes and other sports people because of the performance enhancing effects, and these users may consume 10-100 times the medical dose. Some younger people use them to try and look more attractive, despite risking the negative effects on their looks <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
== What does it look like? ==<br />
<br />
Steroids are readily available in many gyms and are sold as tablets/capsules or ampoules <ref name="RELEASE, 2017">'''Steroids''', 2017, http://www.release.org.uk/drugs/steroids</ref>.<br />
<br />
Raw steroids are supplied as white powder, though they are never sold at a street level in this form. The powder is then made up in to preparations - tablets for oral consumption, and oil (or water-based) preparations for injection.<br />
<br />
Products intended for injection will generally come in a glass ampoule or vial. These may have a snap-off top or a rubber stopper. Vials will generally have an adhesive label or be etched with details, and distributed in printed boxes. Some of the tablet forms may come in foil packaging, in printed boxes like 'normal' medicines. Some oral steroids will be supplied in medicine-style packaging with foil-blister tablets and product leaflets. However, other tablets may well be sold simply in plastic bags, with no additional packaging to assist with identification <ref name="KFX, 2017">'''Anabolic Steroids''', 2017, http://www.kfx.org.uk/drug_facts/drug_facts_anabolic_steroids.php</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Source ==<br />
<br />
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), are manufactured steroid hormones related to the hormone testosterone. Anabolic refers to muscle-building and androgenic refers to increased male sexual characteristics. Steroids refers to the class of drugs. Diverted from pharmaceutical industry or imported into Britain <ref name="DAN247, 2014">'''Steroids''', 2014, http://www.dan247.org.uk/Drug_Steroids.asp</ref>.<br />
<br />
Key anabolic steroids are made synthetically. Some are made for legitimate medical use and are prescribed. They may be used to treat wasting illnesses, dwarfism, gender reassignment and other conditions. Others are made to pharmaceutical standards and are then sold on the grey market for body building. Others are made in 'Underground Labs' (UG) around the world and sold for their use as performance drugs.<br />
<br />
Most of the anabolic steroids used in the UK are manufactured abroad and imported in the UK. Some are purchased on-line; others are purchased abroad by users and imported back in to the UK for personal use. The rest are illegally imported in to the UK and then sold on by suppliers, especially through Gym circles <ref name="KFX, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
== Prevalence ==<br />
<br />
Use of anabolic steroids has rapidly increased in the UK in recent years. No-one knows for sure how many users there are but some surveys show between 20% - 40% of those attending some gyms use them. Those identified as using steroids include sports people, bodybuilders, doormen and security guards.<br />
<br />
Young men are getting involved in taking steroids not for sporting purposes or competitive body building, but to improve their body image. There are some reports of 'reverse anorexia' - people thinking they can never be big enough.<br />
<br />
According to Home Office statistics, anabolic steroid use fell among 16 to 24 year olds from 0.5% in 2014/15 to 0.1% in 2015/16. This percentage equates to around 4,000 young adults reporting using anabolic steroids in the last year. 0.2% of adults aged 16 - 59 reported using steroids in the last year - i.e. around 8,000 people <ref name="DRUGWISE, 2017">'''Anabolic steroids''', 2017, http://www.drugwise.org.uk/performance-and-image-enhancing-drugs-pieds/</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Street price ==<br />
<br />
Cost is hugely variable, depending on the type of steroid bought, the quality and the quantity. Single tablets are ineffective - so people will tend to use a combination of drugs over a period of time (a cycle). A simple, short cycle that may only last a few weeks and using basic, easily sourced compounds, could cost less than £100. Longer cycles using larger combinations could cost many times this. The cost of special diets and additional compounds can make things more expensive <ref name="KFX, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
Anabolic steroids cost approximately £20 for 100 tablets but prices can vary from region to region <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
== Why take it? ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* assists the male sexual function,<br />
* enhances libido,<br />
* increases production of red blood cells (good for building muscles) <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>,<br />
* enhanced muscle mass,<br />
* enhanced performance,<br />
* greater physical definition <ref name="DAN247, 2014"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* liver damage (especially tablet form),<br />
* can reduce testicle size <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>,<br />
* inability to get an erection,<br />
* sterility/impotence,<br />
* shrinking and hardening of testicles,<br />
* breast enlargement,<br />
* enlarged clitoris,<br />
* disruption to menstrual cycle,<br />
* growth of facial hair,<br />
* acne,<br />
* deepening of the voice <ref name="DAN247, 2014"/>.<br />
<br />
== Who uses steroids and why? ==<br />
<br />
* '''competitive athletes''' - who are motived by their desire to succeed,<br />
* '''people concerned about their body image''' - recreational weight trainers and body builders and people working in the fashion and entertainment industries, <br />
* '''body building professionals''' - people involved in body building as a competitive sport,<br />
* '''people who need muscle strength to do their job''' - bodyguards, security personal, construction workers, police and members of the armed services, <br />
* '''young men''' - who want to increase their athletic performance or who are striving to reach the same physical appearance that is often portrayed in the media <ref name="1a">Peters, R. and Copeland, J. and Dillon, P., '''Steroid Facts''', 1999, isbn 0 7334 2180 6, https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/resource/steroid-facts</ref>, <ref name="2a">'''Steroids''', 2016, http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/fact-sheets/steroids</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Pharmacology ==<br />
<br />
Anabolic Steroids are a class of synthetic drugs whose effects mimic the naturally-occurring male hormone testosterone. They are used medically and non-medically to enhance performance (mainly in sport).<br />
<br />
They may be administered orally, injected, applied on the skin as a gel or cream and are available as patches. For more information on routes of administration, including harm reduction visit our 'safer injecting' section here.<br />
<br />
Pharmacologically, they stimulate both the development of the male characteristics that develop after puberty in both male and female users (androgenic effects) and the production of proteins in muscle and bone tissue (anabolic effects). The extent to which each of these effects occurs is determined by minor variations in the basic chemical structure of each anabolic steroid. With a few medical exceptions, the anabolic effects of these drugs are the primary reason for their use.<br />
<br />
Androgenic effects of anabolic steroid use include - increased body hair growth; increased aggressiveness; baldness; a deepening of the voice; acne and increased sexual drive. After stopping using anabolic steroids following regular use, body may experience difficulty in naturally-producing its own testosterone.<br />
<br />
A main anabolic effect is an increase in protein production. This leads to an increase in skeletal muscle mass and a reduction in fat, possibly due to a mechanism causing new cells to develop into skeletal muscle cells rather than fat cells. Subsequently, this leads to an increase in strength.<br />
<br />
Anabolic steroids are fat-soluble while the barriers of their target cells (cell membranes) are also fatty. Therefore, following administration, anabolic steroids readily enter cells in the body, particularly those in the reproductive tissue, muscle and fat as these are prime targets for their pharmacological action. Here they bind to specific steroid receptors, with the chemical structure of each steroid determining the extent of this binding. The resulting steroid-receptor complex elicits its pharmacological actions through sending signals to other parts of the cell or by activating genes that express the steroid’s effects <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Mechanism of action ===<br />
<br />
They increase the building of cell proteins, which results in the build up of cellular tissue, especially in muscles. Anabolic steroids also have properties that include the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics such as the growth of the vocal cords and body hair <ref name="DAN247, 2014"/>.<br />
<br />
The main product groups mimic the effect of the sex hormone testosterone. Using this at significant doses puts the user in to an anabolic state - where muscle cells are instructed to take protein and convert it in to muscle. The high levels of hormone, combined with a protein-rich diet and correct exercise and rest can result in rapid and significant muscular development <ref name="KFX, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
== Mode of use ==<br />
<br />
* '''Swallowed''' - tablets/capsules are swallowed (ingested),<br />
* '''Injected''' - ampoules are injected into muscle <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
Steroids should never be injected into a vein <ref name="DAN247, 2014"/>. <br />
<br />
== Signs of usage ==<br />
<br />
Steroid use is not always readily identified without testing or screening as successful 'natural' training can result in significant muscular development and be misconstrued as steroid use. Heavy training and use of dietary supplements is not an indicator of steroid use <ref name="KFX, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
* very rapid weight gain,<br />
* mood changes,<br />
* increased acne,<br />
* bloating due to water retention <ref name="KFX, 2017"/>,<br />
* [[gynaecomastia]],<br />
* hair loss,<br />
* body hair growth,<br />
* unstable emotions,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* change in behaviour,<br />
* loss of interest in usual activities,<br />
* burst of anger,<br />
* trouble at school, work and home,<br />
* withdrawal symptoms when abruptly stopping the use of steroids <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
== Effects ==<br />
<br />
Sports players and body building enthusiasts have claimed that anabolic steroids -<br />
<br />
* make them able to train harder and longer,<br />
* help them to recover from strenuous exercise faster,<br />
* build muscle mass, when taken alongside a strenuous exercise regime,<br />
* anabolic steroids can make some users feel paranoid, irritable, aggressive or even violent, and it can induce mood swings,<br />
* they can sometimes cause unwanted changes in appearance like acne or shrunken testicles <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
Steroids affect everyone differently. The following may be experienced -<br />
<br />
* water retention - leading to facial bloating, known as oedema,<br />
* acne - leading to permanent scarring,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* mood swings,<br />
* more frequent colds,<br />
* aggression,<br />
* violence,<br />
* increased sex drive,<br />
* sleeping difficulties <ref name="3a">Hartgens, F. and Kuipers, H., '''Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes''', ''Sports Medicine'', 2004, 34, 8, 513-554, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15248788</ref>, <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
Because anabolic steroids are modelled on male hormones, they can have a masculinising effect on the body, and some of these effects may be permanent. Unwanted side-effects may be greater when steroids are taken in high doses or when used together in different combinations (known as 'stacking') <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Women ===<br />
<br />
* increase in body hair,<br />
* deepening of the voice,<br />
* loss of head hair,<br />
* enlargement of the clitoris,<br />
* decrease in breast size <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>,<br />
* excessive hair growth,<br />
* abnormal menstrual cycles <ref name="4a">'''Anabolic Steroids''', 2013, http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/steroids.asp</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Men ===<br />
<br />
* decrease in sperm production,<br />
* decrease in testes size,<br />
* development of breast tissue <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>,<br />
* damage to the heart,<br />
* impotence,<br />
* difficulty or pain while urinating,<br />
* liver disease,<br />
* liver cancer <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Short-term effects ===<br />
<br />
* acne,<br />
* mood swings,<br />
* fatigue,<br />
* restlessness/agitation,<br />
* decreased appetite,<br />
* trouble sleeping,<br />
* decreased sperm count,<br />
* impotence <ref name="5a">'''The Effects of Steroid Use''', 2016, http://drugabuse.com/library/the-effects-of-steroid-use/</ref>,<br />
* fluid retention,<br />
* rapid weight gain,<br />
* increased blood pressure and cholesterol levels,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* reduced sexual functioning,<br />
* increase in muscle size,<br />
* swelling of feet and ankles,<br />
* improved healing,<br />
* improved appetite <ref name="4a"/>,<br />
* higher pain threshold,<br />
* the ability to build muscle much more quickly than a person who is not using steroids <ref name="11a">AllAboutCounseling.com, '''Steroids Overdose''', 2018, https://www.allaboutcounseling.com/library/steroids-overdose/</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Long-term effects ===<br />
<br />
The long term effects of steroids and the possibility of a steroids overdose should be significant considerations for people who are considering these drugs <ref name="11a"/>.<br />
<br />
* anger and aggression (so-called 'roid rage'),<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* delusions,<br />
* heart attack,<br />
* stroke,<br />
* kidney failure,<br />
* tumours in the liver,<br />
* blood-borne diseases from injection use <ref name="5a"/>,<br />
* blood clotting difficulties,<br />
* clotting disorders,<br />
* cardiovascular, liver, and reproductive organ damage,<br />
* reduced sexual functioning,<br />
* stunted growth in adolescents,<br />
* increased chance of injuring ligaments, tendons and muscles,<br />
* when injecting - bacterial infections, abscesses, cellulitis, and HIV/AIDS,<br />
* increase in muscle size <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
* kidney or prostate cancer,<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* depression <ref name="6a">Kanayama, G. and Hudson, J. I. and Pope Jr, H. G., '''Long-term psychiatric and medical consequences of anabolic–androgenic steroid abuse: A looming public health concern?''', ''Drug and alcohol dependence'', 2008, 98, 1, 1-12, doi 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.05.004, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599224</ref>, <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Overdose ===<br />
<br />
Steroids overdose can occur when a drug user takes a large amount of anabolic steroids, and while a fatal dose is highly unlikely, overdose can cause -<br />
<br />
* liver damage,<br />
* trembling muscles,<br />
* anxiety <ref name="11a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== The effects of anabolic steroids use ===<br />
<br />
Most steroid users take amounts of anabolic steroids that are safe in the short-term, and the risk of overdose is extremely small. In the short term, however, there are still some significant side effects of steroids use. Anabolic steroids are, after all, a synthetic version of testosterone, and adding them to a workout regimen results in many of the same symptoms as adding more dangerous testosterone injections.<br />
<br />
Men who take anabolic steroids may become bald. Their testicles often shrink, and impotency is a common side-effect. Some men experience pain when urinating and may have other painful symptoms, although reproductive symptoms are most likely.<br />
<br />
Women who take anabolic steroids may grow facial hair and have a reduction in female sex characteristics; the breasts can shrink, for instance, and the voice may become deeper.<br />
<br />
These effects are often ignored or downplayed by steroid users, who tend to be focused on improving their physical performance and appearance <ref name="11a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== The long term dangers of anabolic steroid use ===<br />
<br />
There are a number of long term dangers of anabolic steroids that exceed the immediate dangers of using these drugs. Regular users can eventually succumb to liver failure, and higher rates of cancer have also been reported in steroid users.<br />
<br />
The psychological effects of steroids are being researched, and there are some indications that regular steroid use can cause a litany of mental health problems. Suicide is a serious problem among steroid users, as is aggression and violence. Steroid users may also be more likely to experiment with other drugs, especially stimulants like cocaine, and this can lead to death, coma, stroke, or heart attack. Depending on the type and amount of steroids taken, other long term effects may be possible <ref name="11a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
Taking anabolic steroids does involve risks. There's the harms you can do to your own body and health. But also, because anabolic steroids can make you feel paranoid, aggressive and violent for no reason, it's not that unusual for anabolic steroid users to lash out or attack family and friends <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
Here's what else steroids can do to you -<br />
<br />
* If you're young, anabolic steroids can mess up how your body develops, stopping you from growing properly.<br />
* If you're male, regular use can lead to erection problems, growing of breasts, becoming sterile, loss of hair and development of acne. It can also make your testicles shrink.<br />
* If you're female, you can develop more masculine characteristics - with extra facial hair, loss of hair on the head, a deeper voice, shrinking breasts, and an enlarged clitoris; as well as risking acne, an increased risk of menstrual problems and changes in sex drive.<br />
* Steroids can also give you high blood pressure and increase your risk of illness and death due to liver failure, stroke or heart attack.<br />
* Regular users may find that they start having trouble sleeping. They may get paranoid, or may experience dramatic mood swings; and even violence can occur alongside strong feelings of aggression.<br />
* Injecting any drug, even steroids, can damage your veins and cause ulcers and [[gangrene]], particularly with dirty needles or poor injecting technique. Sharing needles, syringes and other injecting works can help spread HIV, hepatitis C and other infections <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
There are worries about the quality and safety of anabolic steroids that are sold on the black market, with falsified, substandard and counterfeit anabolic steroids not being uncommon.<br />
<br />
Some of these counterfeit anabolic steroids may not have the effect that the buyer wanted. Some have no active ingredient at all <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
There may also be an increased risk of coronary heart disease due to increased blood pressure and raised cholesterol levels <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Men may develop ===<br />
<br />
* prominent breasts,<br />
* baldness,<br />
* shrunken testicles,<br />
* infertility,<br />
* impotence,<br />
* prostate gland enlargement <ref name="7a">'''Performance-enhancing drugs: Know the risks''', 2015, http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/performance-enhancing-drugs/art-20046134</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Women may develop ===<br />
<br />
* a deeper voice,<br />
* an enlarged clitoris,<br />
* increased body hair,<br />
* baldness,<br />
* infrequent or absent periods <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Both men and women might experience ===<br />
<br />
* severe acne,<br />
* increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture,<br />
* liver abnormalities and tumours,<br />
* increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (the 'bad' cholesterol),<br />
* decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (the 'good' cholesterol),<br />
* high blood pressure (hypertension),<br />
* heart and circulatory problems,<br />
* aggressive behaviours, rage or violence,<br />
* psychiatric disorders, such as depression,<br />
* drug dependence,<br />
* infections or diseases such as HIV or hepatitis if you're injecting the drugs,<br />
* inhibited growth and development, and risk of future health problems in teenagers <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Short-term ===<br />
<br />
* psychiatric symptoms,<br />
* aggression,<br />
* violence,<br />
* mania,<br />
* mood swings <ref name="DAN247, 2014"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Long-term ===<br />
<br />
* dependence,<br />
* tolerance,<br />
* liver damage,<br />
* heart disease,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* increased aggression,<br />
* harmful changes in cholesterol,<br />
* acne,<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* dangerous changes in the structure of the heart,<br />
* vein damage,<br />
* ulcers,<br />
* [[gangrene]] <ref name="DAN247, 2014"/>.<br />
<br />
== Purity ==<br />
<br />
Genuine pharmacy-grade products should be sterile, of known strength and quality. However faking of pharma-grade products is widespread. Counterfeits and underground lab products may vary widely in composition, strength and may not be sterile. Analysis routinely finds products on sale that contain no active product, is under (or over) dosed, or contains a different drug to that stated. As with any other non-medical compound, the quality of product is an inevitable risk <ref name="KFX, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
There are worries about the quality and safety of anabolic steroids that are sold on the black market, with falsified, substandard and counterfeit anabolic steroids not being uncommon.<br />
<br />
Some of these counterfeit anabolic steroids may not have the effect that the buyer wanted. Some have no active ingredient at all <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
Many [[PIED]]s sold in gyms are counterfeit or designed for veterinary use. Counterfeit [[PIED]]s pose additional risks. Many are made without the controls of legitimate drugs, and so vary in purity and also safety. Like most illicit drugs, you can never be sure of what is in them. Because [[PIED]] users often inject their drugs, sometimes in large quantities over a long period of time, they bypass their body's natural defences to impurities and infections and run considerable risks. Counterfeits also vary in strength, which again can affect the safety of short and long-term use <ref name="DRUGWISE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
== Addiction ==<br />
=== Can you get addicted ===<br />
<br />
You can easily become psychologically dependent on anabolic steroid use (meaning you develop an increased tendency to keep taking the drug even in spite of possible harmful effects).<br />
<br />
Withdrawal symptoms have been reported soon after stopping, including headaches, lethargy and depression <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
Anabolic steroid use may lead to dependency. Dependency on the drug is illustrated in the feeling that you cannot function normally without the steroids in your system. Overuse leads to an increase of the hormones in the body, and it can cause more severe side-effects than lower doses.<br />
<br />
When the drug is stopped, you may be left with a strong feeling that you need to take them again. This occurs even though there are unpleasant and sometimes severe side-effects taking place. In these cases, withdrawal treatment may be necessary. Withdrawal should be monitored by medical professionals to help eliminate side-effects or reduce their impact <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
Each user experiences their own unique feelings when using steroids and coming off the drug. Evidence for steroid addiction is certainly not as strong as it is for other drugs like cocaine or heroin. Though it is clear that people develop a tolerance and dependence on them and willingly experience negative consequences when using steroids - both of which are signs for drug dependence <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Withdrawal ==<br />
<br />
Anabolic steroid withdrawal treatment is usually done through a tapering programme to minimise the withdrawal symptoms that can include -<br />
<br />
* apathy and depression,<br />
* difficulty concentrating,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* a decreased sex drive,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* joint and muscle pain,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* anorexia,<br />
* fatigue <ref name="5a"/>,<br />
* mood swings,<br />
* restlessness,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* craving <ref name="4a"/>,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* intestinal upset,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* diarrhoea <ref name="8a">'''Steroids: Uses, Symptoms, Signs and Addiction Treatment''', 2017, http://addictionlibrary.org/illicit/steroids.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
Depression could be the most dangerous effect of withdrawal because it can be intense and long-lasting. In some case, suicidal thoughts or attempts may occur during withdrawal.<br />
<br />
Seeking treatment from medical and mental health professionals can help to ensure safety during withdrawal and avoid the negative consequences. Most treatment can be accomplished on an outpatient basis. If other substances are being abused in combination, inpatient or residential rehab programmes may be more appropriate.<br />
<br />
Fortunately, treating abuse, addiction, and dependence on anabolic steroids is manageable and safe in the short-term. Ongoing treatment will help to reduce the risks of relapse and help understand the motivating factors that lead to steroid abuse <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
Although steroids are not addictive, people can find themselves relying on them to build confidence and self-esteem18. This reliance can make it difficult to stop using them in the longer term. Fear of losing muscle size or definition can lead to depression and the pressure to continue use <ref name="3a"/>.<br />
<br />
It can take up to four months to restore the body's natural testosterone levels (if taking high doses for an extended period of time) <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Legality ==<br />
<br />
* Anabolic steroids are Class C drugs to be sold only by pharmacists with a doctor's prescription.<br />
* It's legal to possess or import steroids as long as they're for personal use. Importation or exportation of steroids for personal use can only be carried out in person. Importation or exportation of steroids for personal use using postal, courier or freight services is now illegal.<br />
* Possession or importing with intent to supply (which includes giving them to friends) is illegal and could lead to 14 years in prison and an unlimited fine <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
Many sporting organisations have banned the use of certain steroids. These organisations carry out tests for the banned steroids. If someone tests positive they can be disqualified from competing for certain periods of time, or even banned for life <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Did you know? ===<br />
<br />
* A conviction for a drug-related offence could have a serious impact. It can stop you visiting certain countries - for example the United States - and limit the types of jobs you can apply for <ref name="TALKTOFRANK, 2016"/>.<br />
<br />
== Harm reduction ==<br />
<br />
Steroids may be used in two forms, either orally in tablet form or injected in a water based or oil based solution. There are serious risks associated with injecting, which are explained below.<br />
<br />
Courses of steroids, known as 'cycles', last between 4 and 12 weeks. It is common to use a combination of steroids at the same time, which is known as 'stacking'. This can cause an increase in adverse side effects (see below).<br />
<br />
If you are using steroids, it is important that you give your body a break after each cycle of at least 4 weeks, or at least of the same duration as the last cycle <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
=== What are the risks of injecting steroids & how you can inject more safely? ===<br />
<br />
Injecting is never completely safe.<br />
<br />
Where steroids are injected and syringes are shared, there is a risk of infection with blood borne viruses such as HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis. Those continuing to inject can protect themselves to some degree by using clean equipment and not sharing with anyone else. Always use a new syringe. Swabbing the area for injection with alcohol wipes beforehand is advised. All this equipment is available from needle exchanges and some pharmacies.<br />
<br />
Injecting oily liquids into veins can be fatal. It is safer to inject into large muscle areas ('intra-muscular injection'), e.g. the upper, outer buttock quadrant on each side (other areas of the buttock can be very dangerous, risking paralysis), upper arm or thigh. It is dangerous to use small needles for intra-muscular injection as they may break off in hard muscle. A detachable needle/barrel combination should be used. It is advisable to use a long (green or blue top) needle, leaving the upper ¼ of the needle exposed upon insertion.<br />
<br />
Injecting large amounts of oil based steroids in one dose may lead to an infection developing under the skin <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
Steroids should only be injected with a prescription for a specific medical reason or under medical supervision.<br />
<br />
Injecting more than the recommended dose does not create larger muscles - the muscle simply becomes saturated. Higher doses only raise the risks of more adverse side effects without providing any additional benefits <ref name="9a">Daly, R. C. and Su, T. P. and Schmidt, P. J. and Pagliaro, M. and Pickar, D. and Rubinow, D. R., '''Neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of high-dose anabolic steroid administration in male normal volunteers''', ''Psychoneuroendocrinology'', 2003, 28, 3, 317-331, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12573299</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is not necessary to inject directly into specific muscles as the steroids are transported to all muscle groups via the bloodstream <ref name="10a">Busche, K., '''Neurologic disorders associated with weight lifting and bodybuilding''', ''Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America'', 2009, 20, 1, 273-286, doi 10.1016/j.ncl.2007.11.008, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18295098</ref>.<br />
<br />
There are many steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of harm caused by long-term steroid use.<br />
<br />
These include -<br />
<br />
* using lower doses to reduce the risk of side effects,<br />
* never injecting steroids directly into biceps, calf muscles or pectorals, to avoid causing permanent nerve damage, <br />
* avoiding repeatedly injecting steroids into the same area of the body,<br />
* limiting cycles to 8 to 10 weeks to rest the kidneys, liver and endocrine system,<br />
* avoiding sharing injecting equipment with others to reduce the risk of contracting a blood-borne virus such as HIV or Hepatitis C, <br />
* using a clean needle from an unopened package with every injection,<br />
* avoiding combining steroids with diuretics such as caffeine, alcohol and other drugs like amphetamines (such as 'ice' and 'speed'), <br />
* injecting steroids in a sterile location,<br />
* discussing steroid use with a doctor, even if it is without a prescription,<br />
* discussing the perceived need to take steroids with a counsellor <ref name="9a"/>, <ref name="10a"/>, <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Treatment ==<br />
<br />
Steroid users often find it difficult to stop using steroids, even after overdosing and experiencing difficult physical symptoms. Addiction treatment can be enormously helpful for these individuals. Therapists who offer addiction treatment will help steroid abusers to stop using drugs and will steer them away from future drug use - not just steroid use. They will help to treat some of the psychological effects of steroids. Some steroid users also have body image issues which need to be approached therapeutically. Therapy may take the form of one-on-one treatment, group treatment, or any of a number of other options depending on the patient.<br />
<br />
Stopping steroid use is essential to prevent the long-term and potentially fatal consequences of anabolic steroid use. Overdose is a significant problem, but if you or someone you know is using steroids, stopping the use of steroids is essential for overall mental and physical health <ref name="11a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Paraphernalia ==<br />
<br />
If injected, needles and syringes <ref name="DAN247, 2014"/>.<br />
<br />
== Trends ==<br />
<br />
There is widespread agreement in the drugs field that there has been an increase in the number of people presenting to services, especially for needle exchange. It is likely that this is in part due to increased use of anabolic steroids, but may also be because some services are making more of an effort to engage with steroid users.<br />
<br />
Increased interest in steroids, and easy access to both information and drugs via the internet has made steroids more readily available to a wider audience.<br />
<br />
However, credible information about levels of steroid use in the UK is not easy to come by. Users rarely present for treatment, do not tend to commit trigger offences which would result in testing on arrest, and people are not tested for steroids anyway. Not all steroid users inject; of those that do not all use needle exchanges, and not all needle exchanges reliably record if steroids were being used.<br />
<br />
Some steroid users are concerned that statistical evidence of growing steroid use will result in legal changes and so actively discourage use of needle exchange and of any surveys about steroid use. The Crime Survey of England and Wales reports that around 0.3% of 16 - 24 year olds used anabolic steroids in the last year, but this is liable to be a significant under-estimate <ref name="KFX, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
It has been suggested that the roots of interest in boosting strength or endurance capacity by supplementing the human hormonal system through ingesting the testicles of animals of power or endurance such as the bull or goat before dangerous or arduous physical tasks lies in the ancient world.<br />
<br />
It was not until 1931 that a German chemist, Adolph Berthold, discovered the hormone androstenone by extracting this hormone from urine. It was already known that the testes contain a more powerful androgen than androstenone. This hormone was first identified in a May 1935 research paper called ''On Crystalline Male Hormone from Testicles (Testosterone)''. They named the hormone testosterone, from the stems of testicle and sterol and the suffix of ketone. The chemical synthesis of testosterone was achieved in August that year, when Butenandt and G. Hanisch published a paper describing ''A Method for Preparing Testosterone from Cholesterol''. Unfortunately for them, a race had developed in three counties by competing scientists for this breakthrough and it was the German pair of Ruzicka and Butenandt who, although pipped to the publishing post, were offered the Nobel Prize for this ground breaking achievement.<br />
<br />
In a nice slice of irony, the Nazi administration suggested they refuse (the award was accepted post-War), while it appears that Hitler himself, according to his physician, was injected with testosterone derivatives to treat various ailments.<br />
<br />
In a variant on the USA/USSR Cold War competition, Dr John Ziegler, the U.S Olympic team doctor, developed methandrostenolone, which is known as Dianabol or 'd'bol'. Ciba Pharmaceuticals was the first to market Dianabol in 1958, although its competitive use pre-dates this. Unfortunately, Ziegler soon discovered that those having over-used Dianabol suffered from enlarged prostates and atrophied testes.<br />
<br />
The issue of 'doping in sport' has rarely been out of the news since then, as trainers and team doctors devise new compounds and masking agents. Steroids are commonly used in cycles by people looking to 'bulk up', by competition body builders and by people with body dysmorphic issues <ref name="RELEASE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
Use of performance enhancing drugs has been going on ever since the Olympic Games of ancient Greece. Anabolic steroids were first used by athletes in the mid 1950's and by the 1960's their use was widespread.<br />
<br />
They were banned by the International Olympic Committee in the 1970's, but this didn't stop their use and in the 1980's doping became a big issue at the Olympic games and other sporting events. Drug testing came into many sports and a number of famous athletes failed tests and were banned from competing. As drug testing became more sophisticated new ways were found to avoid being found positive <ref name="DRUGWISE, 2017"/>.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&diff=746MediaWiki:Common.css2018-07-21T11:39:51Z<p>Sharon: </p>
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.referencetooltip {font-size: 12px !important;}</div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=Emergency_Care&diff=745Emergency Care2018-07-13T14:44:51Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>At some stage you may be required to perform first aid for somebody who needs it through the usage of some form of drugs, whether it be for recreational use or a prescribed drug. So this may help you save somebodies life through your prompt action.<br />
<br />
== Heat Stroke ==<br />
<br />
* Heat stroke is a form of hyperthermia in which the body temperature is elevated dramatically.<br />
* Heat stroke is a medical emergency and can be fatal if not promptly and properly treated.<br />
* The cause of heat stroke is an elevation in body temperature, often accompanied by dehydration <ref name="1a">medicinenet, '''Heat Stroke''', 2018, https://www.medicinenet.com/heat_stroke/article.htm</ref>.<br />
<br />
Different people may have different symptoms and signs of heatstroke. Common symptoms and signs of heat stroke include -<br />
<br />
* high body temperature,<br />
* the absence of sweating, with hot red or flushed dry skin, or damp skin,<br />
* headache,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* nausea <ref name="2a"/>,<br />
* rapid pulse,<br />
* strange behaviour,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* seizure, and/or coma <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== What to do ===<br />
<br />
* Call 999/911 right away - heat stroke is a medical emergency.<br />
* Move the person to a cooler place.<br />
* Help lower the person's temperature with cool cloths or with whatever means available - sponge with cool water, fan while misting with cool water.<br />
* Do not give the person anything to drink <ref name="2a">CDC, '''Warning Signs and Symptoms of Heat-Related Illness''', 2017, https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/warning.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Complications ===<br />
<br />
Heatstroke can result in a number of complications, depending on how long the body temperature is<br />
high. Severe complications may include -<br />
<br />
* '''Vital organ damage'''. Without a quick response to lower body temperature, heatstroke can cause your brain or other vital organs to swell, possibly resulting in permanent damage.<br />
* '''Death'''. Without prompt and adequate treatment, heatstroke can be fatal <ref name="3a">Mayo Clinic Staff, '''Heatstroke''', 2017, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20353581</ref>.<br />
<br />
== The Recovery Position ==<br />
<br />
If a person is unconscious but is breathing and has no other life-threatening conditions, they should be placed in the recovery position.<br />
<br />
Putting someone in the recovery position will keep their airway clear and open. It also ensures that<br />
any vomit or fluid won't cause them to choke <ref name="4a">NHS, '''Recovery Position''', 2018, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/first-aid/recovery-position/</ref>.<br />
<br />
Follow these steps -<br />
<br />
* '''with the person lying on their back''', kneel on the floor at their side,<br />
* '''place the arm nearest you at a right angle to their body''' with their hand upwards, towards the head,<br />
* '''tuck their other hand under the side of their head''', so that the back of their hand is touching their cheek,<br />
* '''bend the knee farthest from you to a right angle''',<br />
* '''carefully roll the person onto their side''' by pulling on the bent knee,<br />
* '''the top arm should be supporting the head''' and the bottom arm will stop you rolling them too far,<br />
* '''open their airway''' by gently tilting their head back and lifting their chin, and check that nothing is blocking their airway,<br />
* '''stay with the person''' and monitor their condition until help arrives <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Panic attacks ==<br />
<br />
If you feel or someone you are looking after start getting panicky (heart racing, breathing getting very fast, feeling very anxious) the following might help -<br />
<br />
* Sit down with your back against something solid (wall, fence),<br />
* Bring knees up and have head between knees,<br />
* Take deep regular breaths in through the nose and breath out through the mouth,<br />
* If you are helping a person who is panicking, provide reassurance, by talking calmly and ensuring that they aren't being hassled by lots of people,<br />
* If the symptoms get worse or there are persisting chest pains seek medical help urgently <ref name="5a">'''Ecstasy (MDMA)''', 2017, http://www.kfx.org.uk/drug_facts/drug_facts_ecstasy.php </ref>.<br />
<br />
== Convulsions ==<br />
<br />
MDMA and related compounds can cause convulsions. If you are with someone having a convulsion -<br />
<br />
* Don't try to restrain them or put anything in their mouth,<br />
* Do move furniture or other hazards out of the way so the person won't hit them,<br />
* Do place a pillow, cushion or folded jacket under the person's head cushion it,<br />
* Always send someone to get help <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Overheating ==<br />
<br />
MDMA-type drugs can cause a dangerous increase in body temperature. This can be fatal <ref name="5a"/>. Signs of overheating aren't always easy to spot but can include -<br />
<br />
* Feeling very hot,<br />
* Stopping sweating,<br />
* Cramps in legs and arms,<br />
* Headaches,<br />
* Feeling anxious or panicky <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Dealing with overheating ===<br />
<br />
* It's a medical emergency: dial 999/911 or get on-site medics to help,<br />
* Keep the person cool,<br />
* Get them in to fresh air. (At a festival this includes taking them out of sleeping bag or tent),<br />
* Remove any heavy outer clothes,<br />
* Spray them with cool water,<br />
* If they are shaking or convulsing don't restrain them as this will make them hotter,<br />
* Don't try and make them drink anything at this stage - it could make things worse,<br />
* Tell the emergency services the person may have taken an MDMA-type drug <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=Ecstasy&diff=744Ecstasy2018-07-07T20:28:03Z<p>Sharon: /* Test the drug */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Also known as ==<br />
<br />
XTC, superman, rolexs, pink superman, pills, mitsubishi's, mdma, mandy, E, dolphins, crystal, cowies, brownies, e's, pills, eckies, little fellas, madman, X, dove, love drug, MDMA<br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
<br />
Stimulant, psychedelic, hallucinogen<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Ecstasy (also known by its chemical name, MDMA) is often seen as the original designer drug because of its high profile links to dance music culture in the late 80's and early 90's. Clubbers took ecstasy to feel energised, happy, to stay awake and to dance for hours. The effects take about half an hour to kick in and tend to last between 3 to 6 hours, followed by a gradual comedown <ref name="1a">'''Ecstasy''', 2016, http://www.talktofrank.com/drug/ecstasy</ref>.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy/MDMA is a stimulant drug with euphoric and mildly hallucinogenic qualities. It became popular in the UK during the acid house and rave scenes of the late 1980's and early 1990's and has been a popular drug in dance clubs in the UK and elsewhere since then <ref name="37a"/>. Ecstasy (also known by its chemical name, MDMA) is often seen as the original designer drug because of its high profile links to dance music culture. Clubbers took ecstasy to feel energised, happy, to stay awake and to dance for hours. The effects take about half an hour to kick in and tend to last between 3 to 6 hours, followed by a gradual comedown <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
The main effects and risks of ecstasy include -<br />
<br />
* An energy buzz that makes people feel alert, alive, in tune with their surroundings, and with sounds and colours often experienced as more intense.<br />
* Users often develop temporary feelings of love and affection for the people they're with and for the strangers around them.<br />
* Short-term risks of ecstasy can include feeling anxious or getting panic attacks, and developing confused episodes, paranoia or even psychosis.<br />
* Some people have been known to take another 'E' when they haven't yet felt the expected 'high' of their first 'E'. The danger then is that both Es kick in at once and you've got a double dose of effects to deal with <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
A big problem with ecstasy is that it's rarely pure. Sometimes, there is no [[MDMA]] at all. Sometimes, it contains other drugs, like [[PMA]], which can be fatal. Regardless of what it looks like and what it is called, you can't be sure what's in a pill or a powder and you can't predict how you'll react <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy is the popular name for MDMA but informally ecstasy usually refers to the pill form and MDMA, usually a higher strength, refers to powder form. Ecstasy speeds up the body's reactions and functions in many different ways <ref name="2a">'''Ecstasy/MDMA''', 2017, http://www.release.org.uk/drugs/ecstasy-mdma/</ref>.<br />
<br />
== What does it look like? ==<br />
<br />
White or off-white powder or as crystals soluble in water <ref name="3a">'''Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'Ecstasy') drug profile''', 2015, http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/mdma</ref>.<br />
<br />
Pure ecstasy is a powder made of white crystals, known to chemists as MDMA. Ecstasy is usually sold on the street as tablets, although it's getting more common to see it sold as powder and called by its chemical name, MDMA, or 'crystal'.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy pills come in all sorts of colours and some of them have designs or logos stamped into them. This can result in some ecstasy pills getting 'nicknames', for example some pills were called Mitsubishi's because they were stamped with a Mitsubishi logo.<br />
<br />
Some dealers pass off new man-made drugs like [[PMA]] and [[4-MTA]] and 'legal highs' as E's.<br />
<br />
Their effects can be very different or they may take longer to kick in with a risk of the user 'double-dosing' to get the buzz they're looking for (risking double the side-effects) <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy is sold in a white, yellow, or brown tablet or capsule. It is also available in powder form. Some users crunch it up and snort it. It may be stamped with an image, which gives it a candy-like appearance <ref name="4a">'''What Is Ecstasy?''', 2017, http://www.thegooddrugsguide.com/ecstasy/index.htm</ref>. White or off-white powder or as crystals soluble in water <ref name="3a"/>.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy tablets may be any colour, and are generally embossed with a logo or design such as a butterfly, heart, lightning bolt, star, clover, or Zodiac sign. Ecstasy can be found in powder or in capsules <ref name="5a">'''Ecstasy (MDMA)''', 2017, http://www.castlecraig.co.uk/resources/drugs/types-drugs/ecstasy</ref>.<br />
<br />
MDMA is mainly distributed in tablet form. MDMA tablets are sold with logos, creating brand names for users to seek out. The colourful pills are often hidden among colourful sweets. MDMA is also distributed in capsules, powder, and liquid forms <ref name="99a">DEA, '''Drugs of Abuse''', 2015, Drug Enforcement Administration, https://www.dea.gov</ref>.<br />
<br />
Pure MDMA comes as a white crystalline powder. However, due to the number of different labs and different processes that produce MDMA, appearance is very varied and the product sold in the UK is as likely to be tan/amber coloured. MDMA powder is compressed in to tablets, which may come in a wide variety of colours and shapes, and with a wide range of logos.<br />
<br />
Imprinted tablets often end up being refrred to by the logo on them, so people would refer to Doves, Smiley, Mitsubishis and so on. This sort of branding, initially designed to gain a 'brand' a market share is no guide to quality. Once a brand is established as being 'better quality', other producers copy the design, but may not copy the content. MDMA is also supplied as a powder, typically in small bags. Capsules are less common now but did come in a range of colours <ref name="6a">'''Ecstasy (MDMA)''', 2017, http://www.kfx.org.uk/drug_facts/drug_facts_ecstasy.php </ref>.<br />
<br />
Pure ecstasy is a powder made of white crystals, known to chemists as MDMA. Ecstasy is usually sold<br />
on the street as tablets, although it's getting more common to see it sold as powder and called by<br />
its chemical name, MDMA, or 'crystal' <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Street price ==<br />
<br />
Ecstasy was initially a relatively expensive drug in the UK, selling for between £10 - £20 per tablet. Cost (and quality) dropped massively, with tablets selling for £1 - £2 or less.<br />
<br />
MDMA powder, considered to be a better quality product has been more expensive, selling at between £30 - £50/gm. However with concern that MDMA powder is being adulterated with other white powder stimulants, the price of MDMA powder has dropped in some areas.Over the past few years there has been a re-emergence of stronger, higher-price pills, selling at around £10 a pill <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
When ecstasy first hit the dance scene, a pill typically cost £25. Today, prices have fallen to as low as £5, depending on the quantity of pills bought and their quality <ref name="7a">'''Ecstasy''', 2016, http://www.drugwise.org.uk/ecstasy/</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Why take it? ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* feelings of empathy or emotional understanding in and between individuals <ref name="2a"/>,<br />
* exhilaration,<br />
* energy <ref name="8a">'''Ecstasy''', 2014, http://www.dan247.org.uk/Drug_Ecstasy.asp</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* raised blood pressure,<br />
* raised body temperature,<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
* sweating,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* [[nystagmus]],<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* anxiety <ref name="8a"/>.<br />
<br />
== What are the different forms of MDMA? ==<br />
<br />
MDMA can be found in a number of forms -<br />
<br />
* '''pills''' are the most common form in which MDMA is sold, and are commonly referred to as ecstasy. They often contain other substances or adulterants such as MDA, MDEA, amphetamine, methamphetamine, caffeine, 2C-B or ketamine. Care should be taken when ingesting unknown pills. <br />
* '''powder''', also called Molly, is commonly a white to yellow substance which can be put into gel capsules, or administered sublingual, buccal or via insufflation. <br />
* '''crystals''' can be dissolved, crushed, and snorted or put into gel capsules or edible paper to swallow whole <ref name="9a">'''MDMA''', 2017, https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/MDMA</ref>.<br />
<br />
== How long do its effects last? ==<br />
<br />
=== Onset of effects ===<br />
<br />
- oral - 20 - 60 minutes <ref name="9a"/>, 20 - 70 minutes <ref name="10a">'''MDMA''', 2017, https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/MDMA</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Peak ===<br />
<br />
- oral - 90 - 150 minutes <ref name="9a"/>, 120 - 180 minutes <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Offset ===<br />
<br />
- oral - 1 - 2 hours <ref name="9a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Duration of effects ===<br />
<br />
- oral - 3 - 5 hours <ref name="9a"/>, <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== After-effects ===<br />
<br />
- oral - 12 - 48 hours <ref name="9a"/>, 2 - 24 hours <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
- all [[ROA]]'s - 1 - 72 hours <ref name="10a"/>. <br />
<br />
== Pharmacology ==<br />
<br />
MDMA acts on a range of neurotransmitter systems in the brain; serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine. It acts by inhibiting their re-uptake. Components of a neuron work to remove a neurotransmitter once they have been used by the neuron, and MDMA reduces their function, so causes an increase in the levels of these neurotransmitters. The combined impact on such a variety of systems cause the various effects, and lead us to consider it somewhere in between a stimulant and psychedelic. Its stimulant properties are from the noradrenaline and dopamine systems, where the serotonin system leads to the psychedelic, slightly out-of-body and emphathogenic feelings that are experienced with this drug <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
MDMA acts as a releasing agent of the neurotransmitters known as serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline <ref name="11a">Fitzgerald, J. L. and Reid, J. J., '''Effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine on the release of monoamines from rat brain slices''', ''European Journal of Pharmacology'', 1990, 191, 2, 217-220, http://10.1016/0014-2999(90)94150-V, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001429999094150V</ref> which are the neurotransmitters in charge of pleasure, motivation and focus. This is done by inhibiting the reuptake and reabsorption of the neurotransmitters after they have performed their function of transmitting a neural impulse, essentially allowing them to accumulate and be reused in a manner which causes physically stimulating and euphoric effects <ref name="12a">Fleckenstein, A. E. and Volz, T. J. and Riddle, E. L. and Gibb, J. W. and Hanson, G. R., '''New Insights into the Mechanism of Action of Amphetamines''', ''Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology'', 2007, 47, 681-698, http://10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105140, http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105140</ref>.<br />
<br />
It has also been noted that MDMA, even at lower doses, stimulates the release of oxytocin and prolactin, two hormones that have a role in the feeling of trust and love <ref name="13a">Passie, T., '''Healing with Entactogens: Therapist and Patient Perspectives on MDMA-Assisted Group Psychotherapy''', 2012, Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, isbn 978-0979862274, https://www.amazon.com/Healing-Entactogens-Perspectives-MDMA-Assisted-Psychotherapy/dp/0979862272</ref>.<br />
<br />
MDMA increases levels of serotonin, dopamine and nor-adrenalin. Use results in increased release of stored chemicals and inhibits their reuptake. MDMA is also probably a serotonin agonist (mimic). Compared to a drug like amphetamine, MDMA has less dopaminergic action and more serotoninergic action, so is less rewarding and possibly therefore less habituating <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Half-life ===<br />
<br />
8 - 9 hours <ref name="14a">'''How Long Does Ecstasy Stay in Your System?''', 2016, https://www.verywell.com/how-long-does-ecstasy-stay-in-your-system-80255</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Lethal dosage ===<br />
<br />
The exact toxic dosage is unknown, but considered to be far greater than its effective dose <ref name="9a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Mode of use ==<br />
<br />
Ecstasy pills are usually swallowed - although some people do crush them up and smoke or snort them.<br />
<br />
A recent study has suggested that some ecstasy pills may be marketed as being stronger than others, and that increased strength may be reflected in a higher price.<br />
<br />
MDMA powder can be 'dabbed' onto the gums or snorted.<br />
<br />
People have been known to take another E when they haven't initially felt the expected 'high' from the first one, this is called 'double dosing'. The danger then is that both Es kick in and you've a double dose of effects (and risks!) to deal with <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
Usually orally, but can be smoked. Injection is unpopular because of the shortened duration of action. This is the stereotypical dance drug <ref name="8a"/>.<br />
<br />
MDMA tablets are usually swallowed. MDMA powder is often snorted, or wrapped in a cigarette paper and swallowed. Pills and powders have also been used rectally. Injecting is rare <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Signs of usage ==<br />
<br />
* significantly dilated pupils,<br />
* increased perspiration,<br />
* clenching and grinding of the jaws,<br />
* jerky, erratic movements,<br />
* tactility,<br />
* altered perceptions <ref name="6a"/>,<br />
* impulsivity,<br />
* inability to pay attention,<br />
* cognitive, perception and mental changes,<br />
* loss of memory,<br />
* uncoordinated,<br />
* distortion of perception, thinking, and memory,<br />
* disorientation to time and place,<br />
* slow reactions,<br />
* excitability,<br />
* anxiety <ref name="15a">'''MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Ecstasy): Uses, Symptoms, Signs and Addiction Treatment''', 2017, http://addictionlibrary.org/illicit/mdma.html</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Effects ==<br />
<br />
Ecstasy makes users feel energised, alert and alive - and on its own, it's not a drug that makes people violent <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
It can also have other effects -<br />
<br />
* Ecstasy makes people feel 'in tune' with their surroundings, and can make music and colours more intense.<br />
* Users often have temporary feelings of love and affection for the people they're with and for the strangers around them.<br />
* Short-term effects of use can include anxiety, panic attacks, confused episodes, paranoia and even psychosis.<br />
* Lots of people feel really chatty on E., (although these chats don't always make sense to people who aren't on an E!).<br />
* Physical side-effects can include dilated pupils, a tingling feeling, tightening of the jaw muscles, raised body temperature and the heart beating faster <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Short-term effects ===<br />
<br />
* faintness,<br />
* chills,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* muscle tension,<br />
* impaired judgment,<br />
* depression,<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* sleep problems,<br />
* false sense of affection,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* severe anxiety,<br />
* drug craving,<br />
* involuntary teeth clenching,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* [[paranoia]] <ref name="16a">'''Ecstasy''', 2016, http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/drugs/ecstasy.html</ref>.<br />
* diminish inhibitions,<br />
* improve mood to a state of euphoria,<br />
* strengthen feelings of connectedness,<br />
* increase pleasure from physical touch,<br />
* heighten sexuality and sexual arousal,<br />
* increase alertness,<br />
* enhance energy,<br />
* make the user lose track of time <ref name="17a">Patterson, E., '''Ecstasy Abuse''', 2016, http://drugabuse.com/library/ecstasy-abuse/</ref>.<br />
* heightened awareness of lights and sounds,<br />
* increased body temperature,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* lack of coordination <ref name="37a">The Loop, '''Harm Reduction Guide''', 2018, https://wearetheloop.org/club-drug-info/</ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Mental effects ====<br />
<br />
Ecstasy triggers the brain to release feel-good chemicals (called serotonin and dopamine).<br />
Generally, the drug causes -<br />
<br />
* euphoria, which involves feelings of pleasure and well-being,<br />
* empathy, which is a sense of sociability, friendliness and closeness with others,<br />
* energy, which increases physical energy and confidence <ref name="38a">Canada, '''Ecstasy''', 2015, https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/substance-abuse/controlled-illegal-drugs/ecstasy.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Physical effects ====<br />
<br />
Ecstasy can also produce unpleasant physical effects. These include -<br />
<br />
* decreased appetite,<br />
* dilated pupils and blurry vision,<br />
* teeth grinding and jaw pain,<br />
* nausea and vomiting,<br />
* panic attacks or anxiety.<br />
* confusion or paranoia,<br />
* delirium or hallucinations,<br />
* increased blood pressure and heart rate,<br />
* seizures or convulsions <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
One dangerous effect of ecstasy is that it raises body temperature. This can be a serious problem<br />
since people often take ecstasy -<br />
<br />
* in hot places (crowded parties or raves),<br />
* while engaging in physical activity (dancing) <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
Users risk becoming dehydrated if they do not drink enough water. Also, if their temperature gets too high (above 42'C), their organs begin to shut down. This is a leading cause of death from ecstasy use.<br />
<br />
A related health risk is the opposite of dehydration. People may feel so hot that they drink too<br />
much water. This can unbalance the [[electrolytes]] needed by the body to function <ref name="38a"/>. <br />
<br />
=== Long-term effects ===<br />
<br />
Prolonged use causes -<br />
<br />
* long-lasting brain damage and perhaps permanent damage to the brain,<br />
* impaired judgment,<br />
* impaired thinking ability <ref name="16a"/>,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* depression,<br />
* sleep problems,<br />
* drug craving,<br />
* severe anxiety,<br />
* [[paranoia]],<br />
* possible depletion of serotonin and memory,<br />
* death <ref name="18a">'''Ecstasy''', 2013, http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ecstasy.asp</ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Mental effects ====<br />
<br />
During or after the time a person takes ecstasy, they may also experience -<br />
<br />
* mental confusion,<br />
* depression,<br />
* sleep problems,<br />
* drug craving,<br />
* severe anxiety,<br />
* [[paranoia]],<br />
* possible depletion of serotonin and memory,<br />
* death <ref name="18a"/>,<br />
* [[hallucinations]],<br />
* [[paranoia]],<br />
* sleeplessness <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
Some people can still experience delusions, hallucinations and psychotic symptoms for several days<br />
after using ecstasy. In certain people, these effects can linger for weeks <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Physical effects ====<br />
<br />
All body systems are affected when a person takes drugs, but some are more vulnerable than others. Increased blood pressure can make blood vessels inside the brain burst and bleed. This can cause death.<br />
<br />
Repeated use of ecstasy can also lead to -<br />
<br />
* chronic exhaustion, fatigue and muscle aches,<br />
* decreased appetite as well as nausea, vomiting and weight loss,<br />
* damaged brain cells and memory problems,<br />
* kidney or liver damage,<br />
* reduced interest in sex,<br />
* addiction (although physical dependence is rare) <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
Using ecstasy can be particularly harmful for people with existing conditions, such as -<br />
<br />
* diabetes,<br />
* epilepsy,<br />
* heart, kidney or liver problems <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Physical effects ===<br />
<br />
* muscle tension,<br />
* tremors,<br />
* involuntary teeth clenching,<br />
* muscle cramps,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* faintness,<br />
* chills,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* blurred vision <ref name="99a"/>,<br />
* physical [[euphoria]],<br />
* pupil dilation,<br />
* spontaneous tactile sensations,<br />
* bodily control enhancement,<br />
* stamina enhancement,<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* tactile enhancement,<br />
* appetite suppression,<br />
* pain relief,<br />
* perception of decreased weight,<br />
* brain zaps,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* difficulty urinating,<br />
* increased blood pressure,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* increased perspiration,<br />
* teeth grinding,<br />
* temporary erectile dysfunction <ref name="9a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Cognitive effects ===<br />
<br />
* confusion,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* depression,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* sleep problems,<br />
* drug craving <ref name="99a"/>,<br />
* cognitive euphoria,<br />
* compulsive redosing,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* mindfulness,<br />
* time distortion,<br />
* creativity enhancement,<br />
* dream potentiation,<br />
* empathy, love, and sociability enhancement,<br />
* focus enhancement,<br />
* immersion enhancement,<br />
* increased libido,<br />
* increased music appreciation,<br />
* motivation enhancement,<br />
* stamina enhancement,<br />
* thought acceleration,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* anxiety suppression,<br />
* cognitive fatigue,<br />
* dream suppression,<br />
* motivation suppression,<br />
* thought deceleration,<br />
* existential self-realisation,<br />
* unity and interconnectedness <ref name="9a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Visual effects ===<br />
<br />
* colour enhancement,<br />
* pattern recognition enhancement,<br />
* symmetrical texture repetition,<br />
* tracers,<br />
* double vision,<br />
* vibrating vision,<br />
* autonomous entities,<br />
* external hallucinations,<br />
* internal hallucinations,<br />
* peripheral information misinterpretation,<br />
* perspective alterations,<br />
* scenarios and plots,<br />
* settings, sceneries, and landscapes <ref name="9a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Auditory effects ===<br />
<br />
* auditory distortion,<br />
* auditory enhancement,<br />
* auditory hallucinations <ref name="9a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Positive effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild to extreme mood lift,<br />
* [[euphoria]],<br />
* increased willingness to communicate,<br />
* increase in energy (stimulation),<br />
* ego softening,<br />
* decreased fear, anxiety, and insecurities,<br />
* feelings of comfort, belonging, and closeness to others,<br />
* feelings of love and empathy,<br />
* forgiveness of self and others,<br />
* a sense of inner peace and acceptance of self, others, and the world,<br />
* increased awareness of senses (taste, smell, touch, hearing, vision),<br />
* life-changing spiritual experiences,<br />
* analgesia, anti-nocioception, decreased pain perception <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Neutral effects ===<br />
<br />
* decreased appetite,<br />
* visual distortion,<br />
* [[nystagmus]],<br />
* mild visual hallucinations (uncommon),<br />
* moderately increased heart rate and blood pressure (increases with dose),<br />
* restlessness,<br />
* nervousness,<br />
* shivering,<br />
* change in body temperature regulation,<br />
* upwellings of unexpected emotion,<br />
* emotional lability,<br />
* drug craving <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Negative effects ===<br />
<br />
Negative side-effects increase with higher doses and frequent use.<br />
<br />
* inappropriate and/or unintended emotional bonding,<br />
* anxiety or paranoia (less common than opposite),<br />
* agitation (less common than opposite),<br />
* tendency to say things you might feel uncomfortable about later,<br />
* mild to extreme [[trisma]], tongue and cheek chewing, and [[bruxia]],<br />
* short-term memory scramble or loss & confusion,<br />
* short periods of swooning, or disconnection from the external world, usually at very high doses or during brief blasts of intense rushing while coming up,<br />
* muscle tension (common),<br />
* insomnia, inability to fall asleep when physically tired,<br />
* erectile disfunction and difficulty reaching orgasm,<br />
* increase in body temperature, hyperthermia, dehydration (drink water),<br />
* hyponatremia (don't drink too much water),<br />
* nausea and vomiting,<br />
* headaches, dizziness, loss of balance, and vertigo,<br />
* sadness on coming down, sense of loss or immediate nostalgia,<br />
* post-trip crash - unpleasantly harsh comedown from the peak effect,<br />
* hangover the next day, lasting days to weeks,<br />
* possible strong urge to repeat the experience, though not physically addictive,<br />
* possible psychological crisis requiring hospitalization (psychotic episodes, severe panic attacks, etc) (rare),<br />
* possible liver toxicity (rare),<br />
* neurotoxicity,<br />
* small risk of death; approximately 2 per 100,000 new users have extreme negative reactions resulting in death (very rare) <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Side-effects ===<br />
<br />
* jaw clenching,<br />
* teeth grinding,<br />
* restlessness,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* impulsiveness,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* thirst,<br />
* increased heart rate <ref name="19a">Davis, K., '''MDMA (Ecstasy): Facts, Effects and Hazards''', 2015, http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/297064.php</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Coming down ===<br />
<br />
* restless sleep,<br />
* exhaustion,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* depression,<br />
* difficulty concentrating <ref name="110a">Campbell, A., '''The Australian illicit drug guide''', 2000, Black Inc., Melbourne</ref>, <ref name="100a">Brands, B. and Sproule, B. and Marshman, J., '''Drugs & drug abuse''', 1998, 3rd edition, Addiction Research Foundation, Ontario, Canada</ref>, <ref name="105a">Upfal, J., '''The Australian Drug Guide''', 2006, Black Inc., Melbourne</ref>, <ref name="20a">'''Ecstasy''', 2016, http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/drug-facts/ecstasy</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Overdose ===<br />
<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* faintness,<br />
* panic attacks,<br />
* loss of consciousness,<br />
* seizures,<br />
* high body temperature <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
Taking ecstasy involves some risks <ref name="1a"/>. Here's what it could do to you -<br />
<br />
* There's no way of telling what's in ecstasy until you've swallowed it. There may be negative side-effects from other drugs and ingredients added to the E.<br />
* The comedown from ecstasy can make people feel lethargic and depressed.<br />
* Evidence suggests long-term users can suffer memory problems and may develop depression and anxiety.<br />
* Using Ecstasy has been linked to liver, kidney and heart problems. Some users report getting colds and sore throats more often, which may be partly caused by staying awake for 24 hours, which can itself affect your immune system.<br />
* Anyone with a heart condition, blood pressure problems, epilepsy or asthma can have a very dangerous reaction to the drug.<br />
* There have been many deaths involving Ecstasy. Between 1996 and 2014 in England & Wales there were 670 deaths in which ecstasy/MDMA was recorded on the death certificate.<br />
* Ecstasy affects the body's temperature control. Dancing for long periods in a hot atmosphere, like a club, increases the chances of overheating and dehydration. Users should take regular breaks from the dance floor to cool down and watch out for any mates who are on it - they mightn't realise they're in danger of overheating or getting dehydrated.<br />
* However, drinking too much can also be dangerous. Ecstasy can cause the body to release a hormone which stops it making urine. Drink too quickly and it affects your body's salt balance, which can be as deadly as not drinking enough water. Users should sip no more than a pint of water or non-alcoholic drink every hour <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
The use of any drug carries a risk of harm. This risks associated with using ecstasy are increased when -<br />
<br />
* Large amounts are taken, for example a whole pill at once.<br />
* It's used with alcohol or other drugs including prescribed or over-the-counter medications. <br />
* Ecstasy is taken when there's no one around such as a good friend who can help if things start going wrong or in an emergency. <br />
* Too much water is drunk (more than 600ml per hour) due to dancing or doing other activities vigorously or for too long. It's possible to 'drown' the brain by drinking too much water. It's also possible to overheat from doing these activities so drinking water is important. <br />
* Driving, swimming, operating machinery or being involved with other risky activities while under the influence of ecstasy or 'coming down' from it, which can take several days <ref name="21a">Goren, N., '''Prevention Research Quarterly''', 2005, http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/attachments/353_ResearchbookletDec05.pdf</ref>, <ref name="20a"/>. <br />
<br />
Warning signs suggestive of a serious life and death event include -<br />
<br />
* excessive thirst and profuse sweating,<br />
* muscle cramping,<br />
* shaking chills,<br />
* little to no urine output,<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* fainting,<br />
* seizure <ref name="19a"/>.<br />
<br />
If not treated as an emergency, any of the above potential complications can lead to death <ref name="19a"/>.<br />
<br />
The unwanted signs of ecstasy include -<br />
<br />
* higher heart rate,<br />
* increase blood pressure,<br />
* muscle tension,<br />
* tightness in mouth and jaw,<br />
* feeling faint,<br />
* hot or cold flushes,<br />
* organ complications due to increased body temperature <ref name="17a"/>.<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* heatstroke,<br />
* in rare cases people have suffered heart attacks and strokes,<br />
* some people report feelings of depression, anxiety and lethargy for a few days after using ecstasy but these effects usually pass <ref name="37a"/>.<br />
<br />
Risk of negative effects increases because -<br />
<br />
* people using ecstasy commonly take multiple doses in one session,<br />
* with uncontrolled drug manufacturing, it is impossible to tell how much of the drug one is consuming,<br />
* frequently, there are other drugs mixed into the tablets,<br />
* ecstasy can stimulate physical activity, which can lead to dehydration <ref name="17a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Short-term ===<br />
<br />
* [[heatstroke]],<br />
* collapse,<br />
* coma <ref name="8a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Long-term ===<br />
<br />
* psychological disturbance,<br />
* depression,<br />
* liver damage,<br />
* kidney damage <ref name="8a"/>.<br />
<br />
There is growing evidence of damage to nerve endings in the brain but the effects of this on behaviour and the long term consequences for users is still unknown <ref name="8a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Purity ==<br />
<br />
A big problem with Ecstasy pills is that they're rarely pure. They can be cut with [[amphetamines]] (like speed), [[caffeine]] and other substances with some similar effects - because it's cheaper to produce and can increase the dealer's profits.<br />
<br />
When Ecstasy has been cut with an alternative stimulant that is slower to kick in than MDMA, some users have then topped-up with another dose prematurely; and then they find they suffer side-effects because they've then overdosed <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
Tablets contain, on average, 60 - 70 mg (base equivalent) of MDMA either as the hydrochloride salt or, less commonly, as the phosphate salt. Loose powders may range from crushed tablets (typically 30% - 40% purity) to almost pure MDMA. The free base constitutes 84% of the hydrochloride salt. Apart from the active drug, tablets contain a bulking agent such as lactose and smaller quantities of binders. In 2011, average values of 43 (Denmark) to 113 mg (Turkey) MDMA per tablet were reported across Europe.<br />
<br />
During the last few years, there has been a change in the content of illicit drug tablets in Europe, from a situation where most tablets analysed contained MDMA or another ecstasy-like substance (MDEA, MDA) as the only psychoactive substance, to one where the contents are more diverse, and MDMA-like substances less present. This shift was most pronounced in 2009, when only three countries reported that MDMA-like substances accounted for a large proportion of the tablets analysed. More recently, there is evidence of a return to MDMA in tablets. In 2011, the number of countries reporting a predominance of tablets containing MDMA-like substances increased to eleven <ref name="3a"/>.<br />
<br />
Today, a high percentage of pills contain other drugs; some pills marketed as ecstasy may not even contain any MDMA. These adulterants can include other club drugs such as [[MDA]], [[PMA]], [[Ketamine]], [[PCP]], and [[DXM]], while some pills are cut with ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and even [[caffeine]] and over-the-counter medications. It is believed that the contents of a pill can be identified based on its logo or colour (e.g. red pills are believed to contain mescaline, brown pills assumed to contain heroin, etc.), but a pill's colour and logo say nothing about its ingredients, as pill manufacturers often add food colouring to dye the tablets <ref name="22a">'''MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)''', 2016, https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/mdma-ecstasymolly</ref>, <ref name="18a"/>.<br />
<br />
The quality of all drugs is variable and nowhere is this more true than with MDMA. Users were always at risk of buying low quality tablets. However, as cost dropped, so did quality and some pills sold contain little or no MDMA.<br />
<br />
Some will contain other psychoactive substances, there is a chance that any old tablet finds its way onto the streets - headache tablets, other medications, veterinary supplies, old capsules filled with any white powder. There are plenty of tales of things like 'worming tablets' being sold - partly based on the reality that tablets containing [[piperazines]] (an E-like stimulant) were originally used as cattle worming tablets.<br />
<br />
Even if the tablet or capsule contains a genuine illegal, psychoactive drug, it may not be MDMA. As the drugs market becomes swamped with newer psychoactive compounds, so products sold as 'Ecstasy' could contain other drugs. These could be an MDMA-related compound, such as MDEA or MDA.<br />
<br />
Recently, tablets have been found to contain the chemical PMA or PMAA. Although in the same general family as MDMA, PMA is considerably more dangerous, with a slow onset, high risk of overdosing and a significant impact on body temperature. It has caused a number of fatalities in recent years.<br />
<br />
Other tablets have been found to contain emergent drugs like mephedrone, ketamine, butylone, amphetamine and a host of other compounds.<br />
<br />
It should be stressed that tablets containing pure MDMA can still be risky. Some tablets contain very high doses of MDMA, and so fatalities could be due to strong tablets as much as contaminated ones.<br />
<br />
For a long time, people who were wary of the pill market would seek out MDMA powder as being better quality. While there is still undoubtedly good quality MDMA powder on the market, there is also a lot of highly contaminated MDMA, bulked out with other white-powder drugs <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy is most often swallowed in tablets or capsules. Tablets vary in shape, size, colour, and the<br />
amount of drug they contain.<br />
<br />
Many are stamped with official-looking names or logos. However, these stamps do not identify what is in the pills and do not mean the pills are safe.<br />
<br />
In fact, many pills may not have any ecstasy in them at all. The makers often use cheaper ingredients instead, such as cornstarch, soaps or detergents. And if there is an active ingredient in the tablet, it may not be MDMA <ref name="38a"/>. Common substitutions include -<br />
<br />
* hallucinogens, such as LSD,<br />
* anesthetics, such as ketamine or PCP,<br />
* stimulants, such as -<br />
** caffeine,<br />
** ephedrine,<br />
** methamphetamine,<br />
** cocaine <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
Such drug mixtures can pose severe risks to users' health and safety.<br />
<br />
Some tablets may be sold as "herbal ecstasy." These may not contain any MDMA. Instead, they usually contain ephedrine, a natural stimulant. But these are no safer than regular ecstasy <ref name="38a"/>. If abused, ephedrine can increase the risk of -<br />
<br />
* stroke,<br />
* heart attack,<br />
* death <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy should never be combined with other illicit drugs or prescription medications. Toxic<br />
reactions can happen if ecstasy is taken with medications used to treat depression or HIV <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Quality control ===<br />
<br />
The UK doesn't currently have any routine MDMA testing processes in place in club settings. In lieu of such a harm-reduction intervention, there are a number of DIY alternatives.<br />
<br />
The website [[www.pillreports.net|Pill Report]] has become increasingly reliable as an international database of pill-feedback. It is primarily user-generated and includes bulletins from agencies where relevant. It is international so people should ensure that they are looking at recent, local reports to ensure that they are relevant.<br />
<br />
Testing kits are available, and while they are able to identify the presence of MDMA they cannot reliably indicate the presence of potentially dangerous contaminants.<br />
<br />
MDMA can have a distinctive vanilla-esque smell and very bitter taste. However both the smell and taste can be faked <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Is ecstasy getting stronger? ===<br />
<br />
There have been many reports in the media that ecstasy is getting stronger. [[http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/2473/TD0116348ENN.pdf|A study from the European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA) from April 2016 looked at this issue. They state that in the 1990's and 2000's the average MDMA content of tablets was somewhere between 50 - 80 mg, as reported by drug checking services and forensic institutes. Currently, however, the averages are closer to 125 mg MDMA per tablet, while there are also 'super pills' found on the market in some European countries with a reported range of 270 - 340 mg. There are reports of large variations in the dosage in similar looking tablets <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Addiction ==<br />
<br />
It's possible to build up tolerance to ecstasy, which means people need to take more of the drug to get the same buzz.<br />
<br />
You may also develop a psychological dependence (a strong desire to keep on using despite the long-term risks, such as damaging relationships or losing your job) <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
MDMA is generally considered to have a low potential for addiction, especially when compared to drugs such as alcohol, tobacco or heroin. Although users may report a strong desire to take the drug, they are generally able to stop use if they feel that it is negatively affecting their lives. However, in some cases people have found it difficult to control their use <ref name="23a">'''MDMA''', 2017, http://www.drugscience.org.uk/drugs/stimulants/mdma/</ref>.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy can be addictive. If people use too much ecstasy, they may become tolerant to the drug's effects. This means they need to take more and more of it to feel the drug's effects <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Dangerous interactions ==<br />
<br />
Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption <ref name="9a"/>.<br />
<br />
* '''25x-NBOMe''' - Both the NBOMe series and this compound induce powerful stimulation and their interaction may cause severe side-effects. These can include thought loops, seizures, increased blood pressure, vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, and heart failure (in extreme cases).<br />
* '''alcohol''' - It is dangerous to combine alcohol, a depressant, with stimulants due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the sedative effect of alcohol which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of alcohol will be significantly increased, leading to intensified disinhibition as well as respiratory depression. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only drinking a certain amount of alcohol per hour.<br />
* '''DXM''' - This combination may cause increased heart rate and panic attacks.<br />
* '''MXE''' - Increased heart rate and blood pressure may occur.<br />
* '''tramadol''' - This combination can increase the risk of seizures.<br />
* '''MAOIs''' - This combination may increase the amount of neurotransmitters such as dopamine to dangerous or even fatal levels. Examples include syrian rue, banisteriopsis caapi, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, αMT, and some antidepressants <ref name="24a">Gillman, P. K., '''Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, opioid analgesics and serotonin toxicity''', ''British Journal of Anaesthesia'', 2005, 95, 4, 434-441, https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aei210, https://academic.oup.com/bja/article/95/4/434/302715/Monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors-opioid-analgesics-and</ref>.<br />
* '''stimulants''' - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA may be increased when combined with other stimulants.<br />
* '''cocaine''' - This combination may increase strain on the heart <ref name="9a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Dangerous ===<br />
<br />
* '''αMT''',<br />
* '''DXM''',<br />
* '''Tramadol''' - Tramadol and stimulants both increase the risk of seizures,<br />
* '''MAOIs''' - MAO-B inhibitors can increase the potency and duration of phenethylamines unpredictably. MAO-A inhibitors with MDMA will lead to hypertensive crises <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Unsafe ===<br />
<br />
* '''PCP''' - This combination can easily lead to hypermanic states <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Caution ===<br />
<br />
* '''DOx''' - The combined stimulating effects of the two can be uncomfortable. Coming down on the MDMA while the DOx is still active can be quite anxiogenic.<br />
* '''NBOMes''',<br />
* '''2C-T-x''',<br />
* '''5-MeO-xxT''' - Some of the 5-MeO tryptamines are a bit unpredictable and should be mixed with MDMA with care<br />
* '''MXE''' - There have been reports of risky serotonergic interactions when the two are taken at the same time, but MXE taken to the end of an MDMA experience does not appear to cause the same issues.<br />
* '''Cocaine''' - Cocaine blocks some of the desirable effects of MDMA while increasing the risk of heart attack.<br />
* '''Caffeine''' - Caffiene is not really necessary with MDMA and increases any neurotoxic effects from MDMA<br />
* '''Alcohol''' - Both MDMA and alcohol cause dehydration. Approach this combination with caution, moderation and sufficient hydration. More than a small amount of alcohol will dull the euphoria of MDMA<br />
* '''GHB/GBL''' - Large amounts of GHB/GBL may overwhelm the effects of MDMA on the comedown <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Withdrawal ==<br />
<br />
If a drug like ecstasy is suddenly stopped or withdrawn, the person can experience withdrawal symptoms. Drug cravings are one of the most common symptoms of withdrawal <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Symptoms ===<br />
<br />
Much of the psychological symptoms of ecstasy withdrawal have to do with serotonin levels being depleted. Over time, your brain can restore its depleted levels of serotonin, but it certainly does not happen overnight. Just know that it may take an extended period of time before you are able to consider yourself fully recovered from the effects of MDMA. Below is a list of the psychological and physical symptoms that you may experience when withdrawing from Ecstasy or 'Molly' <ref name="25a">'''MDMA (Ecstasy, Molly) Drug Withdrawal Symptoms: What You May Experience''', 2014, http://mentalhealthdaily.com/2014/03/19/mdma-ecstasy-molly-drug-withdrawal-symptoms-what-you-may-experience/</ref>.<br />
<br />
* '''Anxiety''' - It is common to feel fearful and high levels of anxiety when quitting Ecstasy. As your brain restores its serotonin levels, your anxiety should eventually subside. This may last for quite some time though depending on your usage.<br />
* '''Confusion''' - Mental confusion and cognitive impairment is a common symptom of withdrawal.<br />
* '''Cravings''' - Many people have intense cravings for Ecstasy when they've stopped. The drug makes many people feel so good that they cannot think of living life without it.<br />
* '''[[depersonalisation]]''' - You may feel unlike your real self - this is because your brain chemicals are out of homeostasis.<br />
* '''Depression''' - One of the most difficult symptoms for people to deal with when withdrawing from Ecstasy is depression. Depression is a common symptom and is a result of abnormally low levels of serotonin.<br />
* '''Delusions''' - Certain people may experience delusions or 'false beliefs' about reality. You may think that someone is out to get you - in similar manner to someone would with schizophrenia.<br />
* '''Fatigue''' - You may feel both mentally and physically fatigued upon stopping Ecstasy. The lethargy may be overwhelming initially and you may find yourself sleeping or tired on a consistent basis.<br />
* '''Hallucinations''' - Some people actually hallucinate when coming off of Ecstasy. Hallucinations could be both auditory and visual. You may see things and/or hear voices. Although these aren't necessarily typical symptoms, they have been documented.<br />
* '''Insomnia''' - Inability to fall asleep at night is another common symptom that could be a result of your withdrawal.<br />
* '''Irritability''' - If you find yourself becoming increasingly irritable, just know that this is a common symptom of withdrawal.<br />
* '''Loss of appetite''' - Another symptom is loss of appetite - you may not feel like eating for awhile. Do your best to eat what you can and consume healthy foods.<br />
* '''Mood swings''' - It is pretty common for people withdrawing from any drug to experience mood swings. With Ecstasy, mood swings are particularly common due to the fact that the drug throws your brain's serotonin and dopamine levels out of homeostasis.<br />
* '''Memory loss''' - Experiencing temporary memory loss is another symptom that some people report. Eventually your memory functioning should return to normal.<br />
* '''Muscle rigidity''' - Some people experience muscle rigidity and/or stiffness - almost like they are constantly flexed. In order to reduce this rigidity and possible soreness, give it time.<br />
* '''Panic attacks''' - Any drug that affects the serotonin system could result in the user experiencing panic attacks when trying to withdraw.<br />
* '''Paranoia''' - In long-term frequent users, many develop paranoid thinking. This is because the drug itself affects serotonin and dopamine. Although it releases more serotonin than dopamine, the decreased amount of dopamine stores could result in paranoid thinking.<br />
* '''Poor concentration''' - Due to your brain trying to readjust, you may notice lapses in your ability to concentrate. Withdrawal symptoms from MDMA are similar to that of amphetamines.<br />
* '''Psychosis''' - Some people experience psychosis or psychotic-like symptoms when coming off of this drug <ref name="25a"/>.<br />
* '''Aches and pains''',<br />
* '''Exhaustion''',<br />
* '''Restless sleep''',<br />
* '''Agitation''' <ref name="20a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Duration of withdrawal ===<br />
<br />
Like the symptoms of ecstasy withdrawal, the duration of the process is different for everyone. Symptoms usually peak within a few days of quitting the drug and last about a week. Severe psychological symptoms, like depression and cravings, may persist for several weeks to several months <ref name="26a">Smith, K., '''Ecstasy Withdrawal and Detox''', 2016, https://www.addictioncenter.com/drugs/ecstasy/withdrawal-detox/</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Ecstasy withdrawal timeline ===<br />
<br />
* '''Days 1 - 13''' - Withdrawal symptoms begin within a few days of quitting ecstasy. Anxiety, irritability, insomnia, an inability to concentrate, paranoia and depression may present quickly and intensely. Users may also lose their appetite and feel physically and mentally tired.<br />
* '''Days 4 - 10''' - Most withdrawal symptoms last about a week and will lessen in severity toward the end of that time. Depression, cravings and problems with sleeping, concentration and memory may persist.<br />
* '''Days 11''' - Over the next few weeks, depression can be severe as the user's brain chemistry continues to readjust. The user may still struggle with cravings, insomnia, and concentration and memory problems. These symptoms will eventually fade, but it can take weeks or even months for some users to be completely free of the effects of withdrawal <ref name="26a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Drug testing ==<br />
<br />
Determining exactly how long ecstasy is detectable in the body depends on many variables, including which kind of drug test is being used. Ecstasy - also known as Adam, STP, XTC - can be detected for a shorter time with some tests, but can be 'visible' for up to three months in other tests.<br />
<br />
The timetable for detecting ecstasy in the system is also dependent upon each individual's metabolism, body mass, age, hydration level, physical activity, health conditions and other factors, making it almost impossible to determine an exact time ecstasy will show up on a drug test <ref name="14a"/>.<br />
<br />
The following is an estimated range of times, or detection windows, during which ecstasy can be detected by various testing methods -<br />
<br />
=== How long does ecstasy show up in urine? ===<br />
<br />
Ecstasy is detectable in a urine test for 2 - 5 days <ref name="14a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== How long does ecstasy stay in the blood? ===<br />
<br />
A blood test will detect Ecstasy for up to 24 hours <ref name="14a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== How long will ecstasy show up in a saliva test? ===<br />
<br />
A saliva test will detect Ecstasy from 1 - 5 days <ref name="14a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== How long does ecstasy remain in hair? ===<br />
<br />
Ecstasy, like many other drugs, can be detected with a hair follicle drug test for up to 90 days <ref name="14a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Legality ==<br />
<br />
* Ecstasy is a Class A drug and is illegal to have, give away or sell.<br />
* Possession can get you up to seven years in jail.<br />
* Supplying someone else, including your friends, can get you life and an unlimited fine <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== What if you're caught? ===<br />
<br />
* Possession can get you up to seven years in jail, and an unlimited fine.<br />
* Supplying someone else, including your friends, can get you life and an unlimited fine <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
If the Police catch you with ecstasy, they'll always take some action. This could include a formal caution, arrest and prosecution <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
* A conviction for a drug-related offence could have a serious impact. It can stop you visiting certain countries - for example the United States - and limit the types of jobs you can apply for <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Did you know? ===<br />
<br />
* Like drinking and driving, driving when under the influence of drugs is illegal - in fact you can still be unfit to drive the day after using ecstasy, especially if you've been up all night dancing. You can get a heavy fine, be disqualified from driving or even go to prison.<br />
* Allowing other people to supply drugs in your house or any other premises is illegal. If the police catch people supplying illegal drugs in a club they can potentially prosecute the landlord, club owner or any person concerned in the management of the premises <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Mixing with other drugs ==<br />
<br />
Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption <ref name="27a">'''MDMA''', 2016, https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/MDMA</ref>.<br />
<br />
* '''25x-NBOMe''' - Both the NBOMe series and this compound induce powerful [[stimulation]] and their interaction may cause severe side-effects. These can include [[thought-loops]], [[seizures]], increased blood pressure, [[vasoconstriction]], increased heart rate, and heart failure (in extreme cases),<br />
* '''Alcohol''' - It is dangerous to combine alcohol, a depressant, with stimulants due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the sedative effect of alcohol which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of alcohol will be significantly increased, leading to intensified disinhibition as well as respiratory depression. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only drinking a certain amount of alcohol per hour, <br />
* '''DXM''' - This combination may cause increased heart rate and panic attacks,<br />
* '''MXE''' - Increased heart rate and blood pressure may occur,<br />
* '''Tramadol''' - This combination can increase the risk of seizures,<br />
* '''MAOIs''' - This combination may increase the amount of neurotransmitters such as dopamine to dangerous or even fatal levels. Examples include syrian rue, banisteriopsis caapi, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, αMT, and some antidepressants. <br />
* '''Stimulants''' - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA may be increased when combined with other stimulants, <br />
* '''Cocaine''' - This combination may increase strain on the heart <ref name="27a"/>.<br />
<br />
* '''Ecstasy alcohol''' - increased risk of dehydration and consequently drinking too much water <ref name="28a">Hernandez-Lopez, C. and Farre, M. and Roset, P. and Menoyo, E. and Pizarro, N. and Ortuno, J. and de la Torre, R., '''3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) and alcohol interactions in humans: Psychomotor performance, subjective effects, and pharmacokinetics''', ''Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics'', 2002, 300, 1, 236-244, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752122</ref>.<br />
<br />
* '''Ecstasy ice or speed''' - increased risk of anxiety and reduced brain functioning due to dopamine depletion. Enormous strain on the heart and other parts of the body, which can lead to stroke <ref name="30a">Australian Government Department of Health & Ageing, '''National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy''', 2007, http://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/publishing.nsf/Content/98CFCAEC1A10BE00CA2574C5000C2641/File/mono69.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
* '''Ecstasy antidepressants''' - Drowsiness, clumsiness, restlessness and feeling drunk and dizzy <ref name="29a">Copeland, J. and Dillon, P. and Gascoigne, M., '''Ecstasy And The Concomitant Use Of Pharmaceuticals''', National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, 2004, 201, http://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/ndarc/resources/TR.201.pdf</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Harm reduction ==<br />
<br />
About 10 Ecstasy-related deaths have been reported in the UK each year for the past several years. Although the number of deaths is relatively low compared to drugs such as heroin or alcohol, there is still cause for concern.<br />
<br />
The following may help to reduce the risks associated with ecstasy use -<br />
<br />
* You should avoid using ecstasy if you have high blood pressure, heart disease, epilepsy (or family history of epilepsy), diabetes or liver problems. You should also avoid using it if you have had psychiatric problems like depression or anxiety. The combination of ecstasy and flashing lights in clubs can make some people more susceptible to seizures. Take advice if you are unsure <ref name="2a"/>. These conditions and ecstasy/MDMA mean that you can be at increased risk of bad reactions to ecstasy, so it is best avoided <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
* Taking ecstasy and dancing in hot clubs can cause dehydration and overheating. Non-alcoholic drinks such as water or isotonic drinks help to prevent this. However, it can be dangerous to drink too much fluid. It is therefore advisable to sip one pint of non-alcoholic liquid (not more) per hour. Regular rests from dancing will also reduce the risks of dehydration and overheating <ref name="2a"/>. Relax somewhere cool and sip water or another non-alcoholic drink slowly (one pint an hour). Do not drink too much as this can also be dangerous. Drinking too much or too quickly affects your body's salt balance <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
* People using ecstasy in clubs or at dance events should ensure that they will be looked after in the event of an emergency. It is advisable to go to events that adhere to a safer dancing code of conduct, including adequate ventilation, rest areas, freely available water and staff who are trained to deal with emergencies.<br />
<br />
* Regular users sometimes report that they develop a tolerance to MDMA and need to take higher doses to experience the same effects. This will increase the risks.<br />
<br />
* Comedowns can last 3 - 4 days and can leave users feeling very low and irritable <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
* There is no way to know what is in an ecstasy pill unless you can get it tested. Information from testing centres suggest that ecstasy is getting stronger so the advice is to '''start low and go slow''' - e.g. begin by taking a quarter of a pill and wait an hour or two to see the effects. This advice is reiterated in the CrushDabWait campaign, where users are encouraged to crush their pill, dab in a wet finger, swallow and wait to see how strong the effects are.<br />
<br />
* If possible get the tablets tested. Testing facilities are becoming increasingly available at festivals and clubs.<br />
<br />
* As with all drugs it is best not to use ecstasy alone but to be with friends you trust and who preferably know some first aid.<br />
<br />
* Always seek medical attention if you are worried about your or a friend's reaction to ecstasy <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
* Be careful with your dose. Start with a low dose and give the drug time to take effect before redosing.<br />
<br />
* If dancing drink about a pint of water per hour to avoid dehydration but be careful not to drink too much. Some people have suffered problems from drinking too much water when taking ecstasy.<br />
<br />
* Take a break and chill out regularly to reduce the risk of [[heatstroke]].<br />
* If somebody is overheating, take them to a cool place, remove clothing and use water to try to cool them down.<br />
<br />
* If somebody collapses or becomes unresponsive after taking ecstasy put them in the [[recovery position]] and call for immediate medical assistance <ref name="37a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Before ===<br />
<br />
Research local warnings about pills; look here - http://www.pillreports.net<br />
<br />
* ensure that you are in good physical and mental health before use; use for people with pre-existing health problems is especially risky,<br />
* use should not take place on top of other substances (including alcohol) and can be especially risky on top of some anti-depressants,<br />
* use should take place in an environment where you feel safe, with a sober person, who you trust, and who will seek help if you need it <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Test the drug ====<br />
<br />
Dealers can mix other chemicals, from caffeine to methamphetamine, into MDMA and ecstasy. We recommend that you always test your pills using a [[https://www.reagent-tests.uk/product/mdma-reagent-test-kit/|drug testing kit]]. Depending on the country you're in, there are places where you can [[https://www.ecstasydata.org/send_sample.php|send samples of your pills]] to be tested. Another recommended source is [[Pill Reports|http://www.pillreports.net/]], where you can search for an ecstasy pill by its stamp and appearance. However, this is not a foolproof way to making sure that your pills are safe.<br />
<br />
Accidental deaths have occurred due to ingesting compounds such as [[http://www.theguardian.com/society/shortcuts/2013/jul/22/pma-not-another-drug-scare-story|PMMA]] in a pill that was thought to be MDMA]]. We know some people cannot be bothered to test, but it is becoming increasingly important to do this in order to stay safe <ref name="31a">'''MDMA''', 2016, http://www.drugsand.me/mdma/</ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Dose ====<br />
<br />
As you cannot be sure about the strength or quality of what you are taking, use a quarter to a half tablet to start with, or 1/10th gram or less of powder. Allow up to two hours for the drug to work. Even if nothing happens after two hours, don't use any more; the drug may be having an undetectable effect of which you are unaware.<br />
<br />
If you like the effects and want to use more, use a smaller second dose, and don't keep redosing all evening <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== During ===<br />
<br />
* keep cool - take time out from dancing in club settings and get in to a cool environment to lose heat; remove scarves or hats to help cool down,<br />
* use cool water on face and neck to help cool down,<br />
* stay hydrated - sipping around a pint of water per hour. Don't use caffeinated energy drinks as they can increase heart problems and dehydration,<br />
* the safest option would be to drink sports rehydration drinks as they will help replace lost minerals along with fluids,<br />
* don't panic if you can't pee - it doesn't mean you are dehydrated: MDMA affects kidney function and reduces urine output,<br />
* don't drink too much water as this can be dangerous,<br />
* MDMA can make users feel sexually aroused; ensure you are around friends who you trust and ensure you have condoms with you in case things go further,<br />
* jaw clenching can damage teeth - use gum to help protect you from grinding <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Take a break from dancing ====<br />
<br />
MDMA can change your body temperature regulation, while dancing increases your body temperature. These combined can lead to heat stroke, so take a break from dancing from time to time to cool down <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Avoid re-dosing ====<br />
<br />
A common mistake which can lead to a bad experience (or even to hospitalisation) is taking another dose of MDMA because the first one did not have an effect. This leads to 'coming up' twice as hard, which is very dangerous. MDMA takes a long time to digest and absorb, so be patient, and wait for it to kick in <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Emergencies and overdosing ====<br />
<br />
* How to know if someone took an overdose -<br />
** vomiting,<br />
** headaches,<br />
** dizziness,<br />
** serotonin syndrome - increased heart rate, shivering, twitching, over-responsive reflexes, extremely high temperatures <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
Do not hesitate to call a paramedic if you feel any of these symptoms. You will not get into trouble <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== After ===<br />
<br />
The MDMA hangover, or comedown, varies from person to person and is dependent on the amount taken. The effects can also last from 1 up to 14 days after use <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
The after-effects include -<br />
<br />
* fuzzy memory,<br />
* decrease in attention or difficulty concentrating,<br />
* some people feel happier in general and more focused,<br />
* mild to strong depression <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
Some people experience a 'loss of magic' after using MDMA after a couple of uses, meaning the drug doesn't feel as good as the first few times. However, this does not happen to all people. If MDMA is taken on successive days or weeks, then the negative and comedown effects are worsened <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
Lots of people report a serious dip in mood after using MDMA - the dreaded 'mid-week blues'. At this point people may have low levels of serotonin which can leave the person feeling sad, weepy, depressed and experiencing poor quality sleep.<br />
<br />
The temptation is for people to escape this low mood through use of other drugs (like cannabis or tranquillisers) or use of stimulants to lift mood. Use of any drugs is liable to worsen mental wellbeing.<br />
<br />
Healthy diet, including bananas, dairy, poultry, nuts and pulses can help the brain's levels of serotonin get back to normal. Some people advocate the use of supplements such as 5-HTP. Natural sleep and moderate exercise can help.<br />
<br />
If low mood persists, seek help.<br />
<br />
Have a good long break (three or more weeks minimum) before use of more MDMA. Allow yourself to fully recover <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Additional harm reduction advice ====<br />
<br />
Drink plenty of water before and after, and we also recommend taking vitamin supplements. Here is [[http://www.rollsafe.org/|RollSafe's]] <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
Guide to supplementing vitamins with MDMA -<br />
<br />
===== 6 hours before =====<br />
<br />
* 200mg (2 pills, normally) Magnesium Glycinate,<br />
* A glass of grapefruit juice <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
===== 1 - 3 hours before =====<br />
<br />
* 100mg Na-R-ALA (when buying, make sure it is Na-R-ALA, not R-ALA),<br />
* 200mg Magnesium Glycinate,<br />
* 1000mg Vitamin-C (e.g. 1x Emergen-C packet),<br />
* 100mg Grape Seed Extract,<br />
* A Glass of grapefruit juice,<br />
* 500mg ALCAR,<br />
* 400mg EGCG,<br />
* 100mg CoQ10 <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
===== 30 mins before =====<br />
<br />
* 1x Tums/Rolaids (unlike the other supplements listed here, this is not for harm reduction. Instead, it increases stomach alkalinity which prolongs the roll) <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
===== 2 hours after dosing =====<br />
<br />
* 100mg Na-R-ALA,<br />
* 200mg Magnesium Glycinate,<br />
* 1000mg Vitamin-C,<br />
* 100mg Grape Seed Extract <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
===== 4 hours after dosing =====<br />
<br />
* 100mg Na-R-ALA <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
===== That night =====<br />
<br />
* 5--10mg Melatonin <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
===== The following 3 - 7 nights =====<br />
<br />
* 100mg 5-HTP,<br />
* 400mg EGCG <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
MDMA was 'rediscovered' by Dr Alexander Shulgin who, although in official retirement, was the sole holder of the licence given by the Government of the United States to develop compounds that may have health and commercial benefits. Shulgin spent a lot of time working on the phenethylamine group of drugs of which MDMA (first synthesised by Merck just before the First World War) belongs to. It was used as a tool in psychotherapy, and its rediscovery pushed it back into that field again. It was found that the drug had disinhibiting qualities that promoted feelings of 'empathy' and 'openness' which helped couples in dysfunctional relationships. As it gained popularity amongst students as a 'party' drug in the US, the name 'E' (short for 'ecstasy', although it may originally have been intended to stand for 'empathy', which could be considered more logical) became associated with it.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy became very closely associated, and its use and popularity magnified with the dance rave culture in the late 1980's. This continued for around a decade, after which a great decrease in purity was seen along with a move away from the dance scene and perhaps associated with the ageing 80's 'clubber' generation. However, the last few years have seen another big explosion of Ecstasy use. This time round, we are seeing MDMA powder becoming more popular, probably due to the very low quality of pills found, and MDMA powder entering the market as a 'cleaner', purer, more real form <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
In 1912, a German pharmaceutical company first synthesized MDMA in an attempt to create an appetite suppressant. In the late 1970's, it was rediscovered by a small group of U.S. therapists hoping to utilise it in psychotherapy and marriage counselling. MDMA became illegal in 1988 and was categorised as a Schedule I drug. Recreational, illicit use of the drug started becoming popular in the United States in the late 1980's and early 1990's. Ecstasy soon became popular at 'raves' - large dance parties with throbbing electronic music and pulsating lights. Currently, however, raves are not the only setting where ecstasy is used; abuse at house parties, college dorms, and various other places has become more widespread <ref name="18a"/>.<br />
<br />
MDMA was originally synthesised in 1912 by the chemist Anton Köllisch as a potential medicine to stop abnormal bleeding. Over the following 65 years, MDMA was widely forgotten about with the first reports of it being used recreationally going back to 1970 <ref name="36a">Bernschneider-Reif, S. and Öxler, F. and Freudenmann, R. W., '''The origin of MDMA ('Ecstasy') - separating the facts from the myth''', ''Die Pharmazie - An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences'', 2006, 61, 11, 966-972, http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/govi/pharmaz/2006/00000061/00000011/art00015</ref>. Chemist Alexander Shulgin is credited with popularising the use of MDMA in psychotherapy in the late 1970's <ref name="32a">Shulgin, A. and Shulgin, A., '''PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story''', 1991, 1, Transform Press</ref>. It was finally scheduled as a controlled substance in 1985 when its use began to propagate out to mainstream society and rave culture <ref name="33a">Adam, D., '''Pharmaceutical company unravels drug's chequered past''', 2006, http://www.mdma.net/merck/history-ecstasy.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
Researchers are investigating whether a few low doses of MDMA may assist in treating severe, treatment-resistant post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) <ref name="34a">Meyer, J. S., '''3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives''', ''Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation'', 2013, 4, 83-99, https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S37258, https://www.dovepress.com/34-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-mdma-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-article-SAR</ref>, <ref name="35a">Parrott, A. C., '''The potential dangers of using MDMA for psychotherapy''', ''Journal of Psychoactive Drugs'', 2014, 46, 1, 37-43, http://10.1080/02791072.2014.873690, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24830184</ref>. More research is needed to determine if its usefulness outweighs the risk of harm <ref name="34a"/>, <ref name="35a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Emergencies ==<br />
<br />
=== Panic attacks ===<br />
<br />
If you feel or someone you are looking after start getting panicky (heart racing, breathing getting very fast, feeling very anxious) the following might help -<br />
<br />
* Sit down with your back against something solid (wall, fence),<br />
* Bring knees up and have head between knees,<br />
* Take deep regular breaths in through the nose and breath out through the mouth,<br />
* If you are helping a person who is panicking, provide reassurance, by talking calmly and ensuring that they aren't being hassled by lots of people,<br />
* If the symptoms get worse or there are persisting chest pains seek medical help urgently <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Convulsions ===<br />
<br />
MDMA and related compounds can cause convulsions. If you are with someone having a convulsion -<br />
<br />
* Don't try to restrain them or put anything in their mouth,<br />
* Do move furniture or other hazards out of the way so the person won't hit them,<br />
* Do place a pillow, cushion or folded jacket under the person's head cushion it,<br />
* Always send someone to get help <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Overheating ===<br />
<br />
MDMA-type drugs can cause a dangerous increase in body temperature. This can be fatal <ref name="6a"/>. Signs of overheating aren't always easy to spot but can include -<br />
<br />
* Feeling very hot,<br />
* Stopping sweating,<br />
* Cramps in legs and arms,<br />
* Headaches,<br />
* Feeling anxious or panicky <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Dealing with overheating ====<br />
<br />
* It's a medical emergency: dial 999 or get on-site medics to help,<br />
* Keep the person cool,<br />
* Get them in to fresh air. (At a festival this includes taking them out of sleeping bag or tent),<br />
* Remove any heavy outer clothes,<br />
* Spray them with cool water,<br />
* If they are shaking or convulsing don't restrain them as this will make them hotter,<br />
* Don't try and make them drink anything at this stage - it could make things worse,<br />
* Tell the emergency services the person may have taken an MDMA-type drug <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; left:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div><br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; right:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=Recovery_position&diff=743Recovery position2018-07-07T20:23:00Z<p>Sharon: Created page with "If a person is unconscious but is breathing and has no other life-threatening conditions, they should be placed in the recovery position. Putting someone in the recovery posi..."</p>
<hr />
<div>If a person is unconscious but is breathing and has no other life-threatening conditions, they should be placed in the recovery position.<br />
<br />
Putting someone in the recovery position will keep their airway clear and open. It also ensures that<br />
any vomit or fluid won't cause them to choke.<br />
<br />
Follow these steps -<br />
<br />
* '''with the person lying on their back''', kneel on the floor at their side,<br />
* '''place the arm nearest you at a right angle to their body''' with their hand upwards, towards the head,<br />
* '''tuck their other hand under the side of their head''', so that the back of their hand is touching their cheek,<br />
* '''bend the knee farthest from you to a right angle''',<br />
* '''carefully roll the person onto their side''' by pulling on the bent knee,<br />
* '''the top arm should be supporting the head''' and the bottom arm will stop you rolling them too far,<br />
* '''open their airway''' by gently tilting their head back and lifting their chin, and check that nothing is blocking their airway,<br />
* '''stay with the person''' and monitor their condition until help arrives 1393 - <ref name="4a">NHS, '''Recovery Position''', 2018, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/first-aid/recovery-position/</ref>.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; left:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div><br />
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[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=Heatstroke&diff=742Heatstroke2018-07-07T20:17:15Z<p>Sharon: Created page with "* Heat stroke is a form of hyperthermia in which the body temperature is elevated dramatically. * Heat stroke is a medical emergency and can be fatal if not promptly and prope..."</p>
<hr />
<div>* Heat stroke is a form of hyperthermia in which the body temperature is elevated dramatically.<br />
* Heat stroke is a medical emergency and can be fatal if not promptly and properly treated.<br />
* The cause of heat stroke is an elevation in body temperature, often accompanied by dehydration <ref name="1a">medicinenet, '''Heat Stroke''', 2018, https://www.medicinenet.com/heat_stroke/article.htm</ref>.<br />
<br />
Different people may have different symptoms and signs of heatstroke. Common symptoms and signs of<br />
heat stroke include -<br />
<br />
* high body temperature,<br />
* the absence of sweating, with hot red or flushed dry skin, or damp skin,<br />
* headache<br />
* dizziness<br />
* confusion<br />
* nausea <ref name="2a">CDC, '''Warning Signs and Symptoms of Heat-Related Illness''', 2017, https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/warning.html</ref>.<br />
* rapid pulse,<br />
* strange behaviour,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* seizure, and/or coma <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
== What to do ==<br />
<br />
* Call 999/911 right away-heat stroke is a medical emergency.<br />
* Move the person to a cooler place.<br />
* Help lower the person's temperature with cool cloths or with whatever means available - sponge with cool water, fan while misting with cool water.<br />
* Do not give the person anything to drink <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Complications ==<br />
<br />
Heatstroke can result in a number of complications, depending on how long the body temperature is<br />
high. Severe complications may include -<br />
<br />
* '''Vital organ damage'''. Without a quick response to lower body temperature, heatstroke can cause your brain or other vital organs to swell, possibly resulting in permanent damage.<br />
* '''Death'''. Without prompt and adequate treatment, heatstroke can be fatal <ref name="3a">Mayo Clinic Staff, '''Heatstroke''', 2017, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20353581</ref>.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; left:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div><br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
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[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=A_to_Z_of_drugs&diff=741A to Z of drugs2018-07-07T13:59:44Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| <!-- class=wikitable --><br />
|-<br />
|'''Illegal'''<br />
|'''Category's'''<br />
|'''Legal'''<br />
|'''Prescription only'''<br />
|'''Substitute'''<br />
|'''Others'''<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Amphetamines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anaesthetics]]<br />
|* [[Alcohol]]<br />
|* [[Alprazolam]]<br />
|* [[Buprenorphine]]<br />
|* [[DNP]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[AMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Analgesics]]<br />
|* [[Betel nut]]<br />
|* [[Citalopram]]<br />
|* [[Methadone]]<br />
|* [[Flumazenil]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Anabolic Steroids]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anticonvulsants]]<br />
|* [[Caffeine]]<br />
|* [[Codeine]]<br />
|* [[Naltrexone]]<br />
|* [[Naxolone]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Benzodiazepines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Antidepressants]]<br />
|* [[Paracetamol]]<br />
|* [[Dextroamphetamine]]<br />
|* [[Suboxone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[BZP]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anxiolytics]]<br />
|* [[Tobacco]]<br />
|* [[Diazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Marijuana|Cannabis]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Appetite suppressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Fentanyl]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Carfentanil]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Depressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Gabapentin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Cocaine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Diuretics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydrocodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dagga]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Entactogens]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydromorphone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Gabapentinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Methylphenidate]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DOB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hallucinogenics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Mirtazapine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DXM]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hypnotics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Morphine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Inhalants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Oxycodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[GBL / GHB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Muscle relaxants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Phenobarbital]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Heroin]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Pregabalin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Inhalants]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychedelics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Temazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ketamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychoactives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Tramadol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Khat]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Sedatives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Zopiclone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Kratom]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Stimulants]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[LSD]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Synthetic hormones]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mandrax]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Marijuana]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[mCPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDAI]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDEA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy|MDMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mephedrone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mescaline]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methamphetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methylone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine|MXE]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mushrooms]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[New psychoactive substances]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrites]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrous oxide]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[NRG-1]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Opium]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine|PCP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phenazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Piperazines]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[PMMA/PMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Psilocybin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Rohypnol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Salvia divinorum]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic cannabinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[TFMPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[U-47700]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[25I N-BOMe]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=Ecstasy&diff=740Ecstasy2018-07-07T01:52:32Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Also known as ==<br />
<br />
XTC, superman, rolexs, pink superman, pills, mitsubishi's, mdma, mandy, E, dolphins, crystal, cowies, brownies, e's, pills, eckies, little fellas, madman, X, dove, love drug, MDMA<br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
<br />
Stimulant, psychedelic, hallucinogen<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Ecstasy (also known by its chemical name, MDMA) is often seen as the original designer drug because of its high profile links to dance music culture in the late 80's and early 90's. Clubbers took ecstasy to feel energised, happy, to stay awake and to dance for hours. The effects take about half an hour to kick in and tend to last between 3 to 6 hours, followed by a gradual comedown <ref name="1a">'''Ecstasy''', 2016, http://www.talktofrank.com/drug/ecstasy</ref>.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy/MDMA is a stimulant drug with euphoric and mildly hallucinogenic qualities. It became popular in the UK during the acid house and rave scenes of the late 1980's and early 1990's and has been a popular drug in dance clubs in the UK and elsewhere since then <ref name="37a"/>. Ecstasy (also known by its chemical name, MDMA) is often seen as the original designer drug because of its high profile links to dance music culture. Clubbers took ecstasy to feel energised, happy, to stay awake and to dance for hours. The effects take about half an hour to kick in and tend to last between 3 to 6 hours, followed by a gradual comedown <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
The main effects and risks of ecstasy include -<br />
<br />
* An energy buzz that makes people feel alert, alive, in tune with their surroundings, and with sounds and colours often experienced as more intense.<br />
* Users often develop temporary feelings of love and affection for the people they're with and for the strangers around them.<br />
* Short-term risks of ecstasy can include feeling anxious or getting panic attacks, and developing confused episodes, paranoia or even psychosis.<br />
* Some people have been known to take another 'E' when they haven't yet felt the expected 'high' of their first 'E'. The danger then is that both Es kick in at once and you've got a double dose of effects to deal with <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
A big problem with ecstasy is that it's rarely pure. Sometimes, there is no [[MDMA]] at all. Sometimes, it contains other drugs, like [[PMA]], which can be fatal. Regardless of what it looks like and what it is called, you can't be sure what's in a pill or a powder and you can't predict how you'll react <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy is the popular name for MDMA but informally ecstasy usually refers to the pill form and MDMA, usually a higher strength, refers to powder form. Ecstasy speeds up the body's reactions and functions in many different ways <ref name="2a">'''Ecstasy/MDMA''', 2017, http://www.release.org.uk/drugs/ecstasy-mdma/</ref>.<br />
<br />
== What does it look like? ==<br />
<br />
White or off-white powder or as crystals soluble in water <ref name="3a">'''Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'Ecstasy') drug profile''', 2015, http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/mdma</ref>.<br />
<br />
Pure ecstasy is a powder made of white crystals, known to chemists as MDMA. Ecstasy is usually sold on the street as tablets, although it's getting more common to see it sold as powder and called by its chemical name, MDMA, or 'crystal'.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy pills come in all sorts of colours and some of them have designs or logos stamped into them. This can result in some ecstasy pills getting 'nicknames', for example some pills were called Mitsubishi's because they were stamped with a Mitsubishi logo.<br />
<br />
Some dealers pass off new man-made drugs like [[PMA]] and [[4-MTA]] and 'legal highs' as E's.<br />
<br />
Their effects can be very different or they may take longer to kick in with a risk of the user 'double-dosing' to get the buzz they're looking for (risking double the side-effects) <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy is sold in a white, yellow, or brown tablet or capsule. It is also available in powder form. Some users crunch it up and snort it. It may be stamped with an image, which gives it a candy-like appearance <ref name="4a">'''What Is Ecstasy?''', 2017, http://www.thegooddrugsguide.com/ecstasy/index.htm</ref>. White or off-white powder or as crystals soluble in water <ref name="3a"/>.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy tablets may be any colour, and are generally embossed with a logo or design such as a butterfly, heart, lightning bolt, star, clover, or Zodiac sign. Ecstasy can be found in powder or in capsules <ref name="5a">'''Ecstasy (MDMA)''', 2017, http://www.castlecraig.co.uk/resources/drugs/types-drugs/ecstasy</ref>.<br />
<br />
MDMA is mainly distributed in tablet form. MDMA tablets are sold with logos, creating brand names for users to seek out. The colourful pills are often hidden among colourful sweets. MDMA is also distributed in capsules, powder, and liquid forms <ref name="99a">DEA, '''Drugs of Abuse''', 2015, Drug Enforcement Administration, https://www.dea.gov</ref>.<br />
<br />
Pure MDMA comes as a white crystalline powder. However, due to the number of different labs and different processes that produce MDMA, appearance is very varied and the product sold in the UK is as likely to be tan/amber coloured. MDMA powder is compressed in to tablets, which may come in a wide variety of colours and shapes, and with a wide range of logos.<br />
<br />
Imprinted tablets often end up being refrred to by the logo on them, so people would refer to Doves, Smiley, Mitsubishis and so on. This sort of branding, initially designed to gain a 'brand' a market share is no guide to quality. Once a brand is established as being 'better quality', other producers copy the design, but may not copy the content. MDMA is also supplied as a powder, typically in small bags. Capsules are less common now but did come in a range of colours <ref name="6a">'''Ecstasy (MDMA)''', 2017, http://www.kfx.org.uk/drug_facts/drug_facts_ecstasy.php </ref>.<br />
<br />
Pure ecstasy is a powder made of white crystals, known to chemists as MDMA. Ecstasy is usually sold<br />
on the street as tablets, although it's getting more common to see it sold as powder and called by<br />
its chemical name, MDMA, or 'crystal' <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Street price ==<br />
<br />
Ecstasy was initially a relatively expensive drug in the UK, selling for between £10 - £20 per tablet. Cost (and quality) dropped massively, with tablets selling for £1 - £2 or less.<br />
<br />
MDMA powder, considered to be a better quality product has been more expensive, selling at between £30 - £50/gm. However with concern that MDMA powder is being adulterated with other white powder stimulants, the price of MDMA powder has dropped in some areas.Over the past few years there has been a re-emergence of stronger, higher-price pills, selling at around £10 a pill <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
When ecstasy first hit the dance scene, a pill typically cost £25. Today, prices have fallen to as low as £5, depending on the quantity of pills bought and their quality <ref name="7a">'''Ecstasy''', 2016, http://www.drugwise.org.uk/ecstasy/</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Why take it? ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* feelings of empathy or emotional understanding in and between individuals <ref name="2a"/>,<br />
* exhilaration,<br />
* energy <ref name="8a">'''Ecstasy''', 2014, http://www.dan247.org.uk/Drug_Ecstasy.asp</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* raised blood pressure,<br />
* raised body temperature,<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
* sweating,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* [[nystagmus]],<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* anxiety <ref name="8a"/>.<br />
<br />
== What are the different forms of MDMA? ==<br />
<br />
MDMA can be found in a number of forms -<br />
<br />
* '''pills''' are the most common form in which MDMA is sold, and are commonly referred to as ecstasy. They often contain other substances or adulterants such as MDA, MDEA, amphetamine, methamphetamine, caffeine, 2C-B or ketamine. Care should be taken when ingesting unknown pills. <br />
* '''powder''', also called Molly, is commonly a white to yellow substance which can be put into gel capsules, or administered sublingual, buccal or via insufflation. <br />
* '''crystals''' can be dissolved, crushed, and snorted or put into gel capsules or edible paper to swallow whole <ref name="9a">'''MDMA''', 2017, https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/MDMA</ref>.<br />
<br />
== How long do its effects last? ==<br />
<br />
=== Onset of effects ===<br />
<br />
- oral - 20 - 60 minutes <ref name="9a"/>, 20 - 70 minutes <ref name="10a">'''MDMA''', 2017, https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/MDMA</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Peak ===<br />
<br />
- oral - 90 - 150 minutes <ref name="9a"/>, 120 - 180 minutes <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Offset ===<br />
<br />
- oral - 1 - 2 hours <ref name="9a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Duration of effects ===<br />
<br />
- oral - 3 - 5 hours <ref name="9a"/>, <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== After-effects ===<br />
<br />
- oral - 12 - 48 hours <ref name="9a"/>, 2 - 24 hours <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
- all [[ROA]]'s - 1 - 72 hours <ref name="10a"/>. <br />
<br />
== Pharmacology ==<br />
<br />
MDMA acts on a range of neurotransmitter systems in the brain; serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine. It acts by inhibiting their re-uptake. Components of a neuron work to remove a neurotransmitter once they have been used by the neuron, and MDMA reduces their function, so causes an increase in the levels of these neurotransmitters. The combined impact on such a variety of systems cause the various effects, and lead us to consider it somewhere in between a stimulant and psychedelic. Its stimulant properties are from the noradrenaline and dopamine systems, where the serotonin system leads to the psychedelic, slightly out-of-body and emphathogenic feelings that are experienced with this drug <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
MDMA acts as a releasing agent of the neurotransmitters known as serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline <ref name="11a">Fitzgerald, J. L. and Reid, J. J., '''Effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine on the release of monoamines from rat brain slices''', ''European Journal of Pharmacology'', 1990, 191, 2, 217-220, http://10.1016/0014-2999(90)94150-V, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001429999094150V</ref> which are the neurotransmitters in charge of pleasure, motivation and focus. This is done by inhibiting the reuptake and reabsorption of the neurotransmitters after they have performed their function of transmitting a neural impulse, essentially allowing them to accumulate and be reused in a manner which causes physically stimulating and euphoric effects <ref name="12a">Fleckenstein, A. E. and Volz, T. J. and Riddle, E. L. and Gibb, J. W. and Hanson, G. R., '''New Insights into the Mechanism of Action of Amphetamines''', ''Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology'', 2007, 47, 681-698, http://10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105140, http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105140</ref>.<br />
<br />
It has also been noted that MDMA, even at lower doses, stimulates the release of oxytocin and prolactin, two hormones that have a role in the feeling of trust and love <ref name="13a">Passie, T., '''Healing with Entactogens: Therapist and Patient Perspectives on MDMA-Assisted Group Psychotherapy''', 2012, Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, isbn 978-0979862274, https://www.amazon.com/Healing-Entactogens-Perspectives-MDMA-Assisted-Psychotherapy/dp/0979862272</ref>.<br />
<br />
MDMA increases levels of serotonin, dopamine and nor-adrenalin. Use results in increased release of stored chemicals and inhibits their reuptake. MDMA is also probably a serotonin agonist (mimic). Compared to a drug like amphetamine, MDMA has less dopaminergic action and more serotoninergic action, so is less rewarding and possibly therefore less habituating <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Half-life ===<br />
<br />
8 - 9 hours <ref name="14a">'''How Long Does Ecstasy Stay in Your System?''', 2016, https://www.verywell.com/how-long-does-ecstasy-stay-in-your-system-80255</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Lethal dosage ===<br />
<br />
The exact toxic dosage is unknown, but considered to be far greater than its effective dose <ref name="9a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Mode of use ==<br />
<br />
Ecstasy pills are usually swallowed - although some people do crush them up and smoke or snort them.<br />
<br />
A recent study has suggested that some ecstasy pills may be marketed as being stronger than others, and that increased strength may be reflected in a higher price.<br />
<br />
MDMA powder can be 'dabbed' onto the gums or snorted.<br />
<br />
People have been known to take another E when they haven't initially felt the expected 'high' from the first one, this is called 'double dosing'. The danger then is that both Es kick in and you've a double dose of effects (and risks!) to deal with <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
Usually orally, but can be smoked. Injection is unpopular because of the shortened duration of action. This is the stereotypical dance drug <ref name="8a"/>.<br />
<br />
MDMA tablets are usually swallowed. MDMA powder is often snorted, or wrapped in a cigarette paper and swallowed. Pills and powders have also been used rectally. Injecting is rare <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Signs of usage ==<br />
<br />
* significantly dilated pupils,<br />
* increased perspiration,<br />
* clenching and grinding of the jaws,<br />
* jerky, erratic movements,<br />
* tactility,<br />
* altered perceptions <ref name="6a"/>,<br />
* impulsivity,<br />
* inability to pay attention,<br />
* cognitive, perception and mental changes,<br />
* loss of memory,<br />
* uncoordinated,<br />
* distortion of perception, thinking, and memory,<br />
* disorientation to time and place,<br />
* slow reactions,<br />
* excitability,<br />
* anxiety <ref name="15a">'''MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Ecstasy): Uses, Symptoms, Signs and Addiction Treatment''', 2017, http://addictionlibrary.org/illicit/mdma.html</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Effects ==<br />
<br />
Ecstasy makes users feel energised, alert and alive - and on its own, it's not a drug that makes people violent <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
It can also have other effects -<br />
<br />
* Ecstasy makes people feel 'in tune' with their surroundings, and can make music and colours more intense.<br />
* Users often have temporary feelings of love and affection for the people they're with and for the strangers around them.<br />
* Short-term effects of use can include anxiety, panic attacks, confused episodes, paranoia and even psychosis.<br />
* Lots of people feel really chatty on E., (although these chats don't always make sense to people who aren't on an E!).<br />
* Physical side-effects can include dilated pupils, a tingling feeling, tightening of the jaw muscles, raised body temperature and the heart beating faster <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Short-term effects ===<br />
<br />
* faintness,<br />
* chills,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* muscle tension,<br />
* impaired judgment,<br />
* depression,<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* sleep problems,<br />
* false sense of affection,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* severe anxiety,<br />
* drug craving,<br />
* involuntary teeth clenching,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* [[paranoia]] <ref name="16a">'''Ecstasy''', 2016, http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/drugs/ecstasy.html</ref>.<br />
* diminish inhibitions,<br />
* improve mood to a state of euphoria,<br />
* strengthen feelings of connectedness,<br />
* increase pleasure from physical touch,<br />
* heighten sexuality and sexual arousal,<br />
* increase alertness,<br />
* enhance energy,<br />
* make the user lose track of time <ref name="17a">Patterson, E., '''Ecstasy Abuse''', 2016, http://drugabuse.com/library/ecstasy-abuse/</ref>.<br />
* heightened awareness of lights and sounds,<br />
* increased body temperature,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* lack of coordination <ref name="37a">The Loop, '''Harm Reduction Guide''', 2018, https://wearetheloop.org/club-drug-info/</ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Mental effects ====<br />
<br />
Ecstasy triggers the brain to release feel-good chemicals (called serotonin and dopamine).<br />
Generally, the drug causes -<br />
<br />
* euphoria, which involves feelings of pleasure and well-being,<br />
* empathy, which is a sense of sociability, friendliness and closeness with others,<br />
* energy, which increases physical energy and confidence <ref name="38a">Canada, '''Ecstasy''', 2015, https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/substance-abuse/controlled-illegal-drugs/ecstasy.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Physical effects ====<br />
<br />
Ecstasy can also produce unpleasant physical effects. These include -<br />
<br />
* decreased appetite,<br />
* dilated pupils and blurry vision,<br />
* teeth grinding and jaw pain,<br />
* nausea and vomiting,<br />
* panic attacks or anxiety.<br />
* confusion or paranoia,<br />
* delirium or hallucinations,<br />
* increased blood pressure and heart rate,<br />
* seizures or convulsions <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
One dangerous effect of ecstasy is that it raises body temperature. This can be a serious problem<br />
since people often take ecstasy -<br />
<br />
* in hot places (crowded parties or raves),<br />
* while engaging in physical activity (dancing) <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
Users risk becoming dehydrated if they do not drink enough water. Also, if their temperature gets too high (above 42'C), their organs begin to shut down. This is a leading cause of death from ecstasy use.<br />
<br />
A related health risk is the opposite of dehydration. People may feel so hot that they drink too<br />
much water. This can unbalance the [[electrolytes]] needed by the body to function <ref name="38a"/>. <br />
<br />
=== Long-term effects ===<br />
<br />
Prolonged use causes -<br />
<br />
* long-lasting brain damage and perhaps permanent damage to the brain,<br />
* impaired judgment,<br />
* impaired thinking ability <ref name="16a"/>,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* depression,<br />
* sleep problems,<br />
* drug craving,<br />
* severe anxiety,<br />
* [[paranoia]],<br />
* possible depletion of serotonin and memory,<br />
* death <ref name="18a">'''Ecstasy''', 2013, http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ecstasy.asp</ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Mental effects ====<br />
<br />
During or after the time a person takes ecstasy, they may also experience -<br />
<br />
* mental confusion,<br />
* depression,<br />
* sleep problems,<br />
* drug craving,<br />
* severe anxiety,<br />
* [[paranoia]],<br />
* possible depletion of serotonin and memory,<br />
* death <ref name="18a"/>,<br />
* [[hallucinations]],<br />
* [[paranoia]],<br />
* sleeplessness <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
Some people can still experience delusions, hallucinations and psychotic symptoms for several days<br />
after using ecstasy. In certain people, these effects can linger for weeks <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Physical effects ====<br />
<br />
All body systems are affected when a person takes drugs, but some are more vulnerable than others. Increased blood pressure can make blood vessels inside the brain burst and bleed. This can cause death.<br />
<br />
Repeated use of ecstasy can also lead to -<br />
<br />
* chronic exhaustion, fatigue and muscle aches,<br />
* decreased appetite as well as nausea, vomiting and weight loss,<br />
* damaged brain cells and memory problems,<br />
* kidney or liver damage,<br />
* reduced interest in sex,<br />
* addiction (although physical dependence is rare) <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
Using ecstasy can be particularly harmful for people with existing conditions, such as -<br />
<br />
* diabetes,<br />
* epilepsy,<br />
* heart, kidney or liver problems <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Physical effects ===<br />
<br />
* muscle tension,<br />
* tremors,<br />
* involuntary teeth clenching,<br />
* muscle cramps,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* faintness,<br />
* chills,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* blurred vision <ref name="99a"/>,<br />
* physical [[euphoria]],<br />
* pupil dilation,<br />
* spontaneous tactile sensations,<br />
* bodily control enhancement,<br />
* stamina enhancement,<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* tactile enhancement,<br />
* appetite suppression,<br />
* pain relief,<br />
* perception of decreased weight,<br />
* brain zaps,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* difficulty urinating,<br />
* increased blood pressure,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* increased perspiration,<br />
* teeth grinding,<br />
* temporary erectile dysfunction <ref name="9a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Cognitive effects ===<br />
<br />
* confusion,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* depression,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* sleep problems,<br />
* drug craving <ref name="99a"/>,<br />
* cognitive euphoria,<br />
* compulsive redosing,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* mindfulness,<br />
* time distortion,<br />
* creativity enhancement,<br />
* dream potentiation,<br />
* empathy, love, and sociability enhancement,<br />
* focus enhancement,<br />
* immersion enhancement,<br />
* increased libido,<br />
* increased music appreciation,<br />
* motivation enhancement,<br />
* stamina enhancement,<br />
* thought acceleration,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* anxiety suppression,<br />
* cognitive fatigue,<br />
* dream suppression,<br />
* motivation suppression,<br />
* thought deceleration,<br />
* existential self-realisation,<br />
* unity and interconnectedness <ref name="9a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Visual effects ===<br />
<br />
* colour enhancement,<br />
* pattern recognition enhancement,<br />
* symmetrical texture repetition,<br />
* tracers,<br />
* double vision,<br />
* vibrating vision,<br />
* autonomous entities,<br />
* external hallucinations,<br />
* internal hallucinations,<br />
* peripheral information misinterpretation,<br />
* perspective alterations,<br />
* scenarios and plots,<br />
* settings, sceneries, and landscapes <ref name="9a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Auditory effects ===<br />
<br />
* auditory distortion,<br />
* auditory enhancement,<br />
* auditory hallucinations <ref name="9a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Positive effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild to extreme mood lift,<br />
* [[euphoria]],<br />
* increased willingness to communicate,<br />
* increase in energy (stimulation),<br />
* ego softening,<br />
* decreased fear, anxiety, and insecurities,<br />
* feelings of comfort, belonging, and closeness to others,<br />
* feelings of love and empathy,<br />
* forgiveness of self and others,<br />
* a sense of inner peace and acceptance of self, others, and the world,<br />
* increased awareness of senses (taste, smell, touch, hearing, vision),<br />
* life-changing spiritual experiences,<br />
* analgesia, anti-nocioception, decreased pain perception <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Neutral effects ===<br />
<br />
* decreased appetite,<br />
* visual distortion,<br />
* [[nystagmus]],<br />
* mild visual hallucinations (uncommon),<br />
* moderately increased heart rate and blood pressure (increases with dose),<br />
* restlessness,<br />
* nervousness,<br />
* shivering,<br />
* change in body temperature regulation,<br />
* upwellings of unexpected emotion,<br />
* emotional lability,<br />
* drug craving <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Negative effects ===<br />
<br />
Negative side-effects increase with higher doses and frequent use.<br />
<br />
* inappropriate and/or unintended emotional bonding,<br />
* anxiety or paranoia (less common than opposite),<br />
* agitation (less common than opposite),<br />
* tendency to say things you might feel uncomfortable about later,<br />
* mild to extreme [[trisma]], tongue and cheek chewing, and [[bruxia]],<br />
* short-term memory scramble or loss & confusion,<br />
* short periods of swooning, or disconnection from the external world, usually at very high doses or during brief blasts of intense rushing while coming up,<br />
* muscle tension (common),<br />
* insomnia, inability to fall asleep when physically tired,<br />
* erectile disfunction and difficulty reaching orgasm,<br />
* increase in body temperature, hyperthermia, dehydration (drink water),<br />
* hyponatremia (don't drink too much water),<br />
* nausea and vomiting,<br />
* headaches, dizziness, loss of balance, and vertigo,<br />
* sadness on coming down, sense of loss or immediate nostalgia,<br />
* post-trip crash - unpleasantly harsh comedown from the peak effect,<br />
* hangover the next day, lasting days to weeks,<br />
* possible strong urge to repeat the experience, though not physically addictive,<br />
* possible psychological crisis requiring hospitalization (psychotic episodes, severe panic attacks, etc) (rare),<br />
* possible liver toxicity (rare),<br />
* neurotoxicity,<br />
* small risk of death; approximately 2 per 100,000 new users have extreme negative reactions resulting in death (very rare) <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Side-effects ===<br />
<br />
* jaw clenching,<br />
* teeth grinding,<br />
* restlessness,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* impulsiveness,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* thirst,<br />
* increased heart rate <ref name="19a">Davis, K., '''MDMA (Ecstasy): Facts, Effects and Hazards''', 2015, http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/297064.php</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Coming down ===<br />
<br />
* restless sleep,<br />
* exhaustion,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* depression,<br />
* difficulty concentrating <ref name="110a">Campbell, A., '''The Australian illicit drug guide''', 2000, Black Inc., Melbourne</ref>, <ref name="100a">Brands, B. and Sproule, B. and Marshman, J., '''Drugs & drug abuse''', 1998, 3rd edition, Addiction Research Foundation, Ontario, Canada</ref>, <ref name="105a">Upfal, J., '''The Australian Drug Guide''', 2006, Black Inc., Melbourne</ref>, <ref name="20a">'''Ecstasy''', 2016, http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/drug-facts/ecstasy</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Overdose ===<br />
<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* faintness,<br />
* panic attacks,<br />
* loss of consciousness,<br />
* seizures,<br />
* high body temperature <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
Taking ecstasy involves some risks <ref name="1a"/>. Here's what it could do to you -<br />
<br />
* There's no way of telling what's in ecstasy until you've swallowed it. There may be negative side-effects from other drugs and ingredients added to the E.<br />
* The comedown from ecstasy can make people feel lethargic and depressed.<br />
* Evidence suggests long-term users can suffer memory problems and may develop depression and anxiety.<br />
* Using Ecstasy has been linked to liver, kidney and heart problems. Some users report getting colds and sore throats more often, which may be partly caused by staying awake for 24 hours, which can itself affect your immune system.<br />
* Anyone with a heart condition, blood pressure problems, epilepsy or asthma can have a very dangerous reaction to the drug.<br />
* There have been many deaths involving Ecstasy. Between 1996 and 2014 in England & Wales there were 670 deaths in which ecstasy/MDMA was recorded on the death certificate.<br />
* Ecstasy affects the body's temperature control. Dancing for long periods in a hot atmosphere, like a club, increases the chances of overheating and dehydration. Users should take regular breaks from the dance floor to cool down and watch out for any mates who are on it - they mightn't realise they're in danger of overheating or getting dehydrated.<br />
* However, drinking too much can also be dangerous. Ecstasy can cause the body to release a hormone which stops it making urine. Drink too quickly and it affects your body's salt balance, which can be as deadly as not drinking enough water. Users should sip no more than a pint of water or non-alcoholic drink every hour <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
The use of any drug carries a risk of harm. This risks associated with using ecstasy are increased when -<br />
<br />
* Large amounts are taken, for example a whole pill at once.<br />
* It's used with alcohol or other drugs including prescribed or over-the-counter medications. <br />
* Ecstasy is taken when there's no one around such as a good friend who can help if things start going wrong or in an emergency. <br />
* Too much water is drunk (more than 600ml per hour) due to dancing or doing other activities vigorously or for too long. It's possible to 'drown' the brain by drinking too much water. It's also possible to overheat from doing these activities so drinking water is important. <br />
* Driving, swimming, operating machinery or being involved with other risky activities while under the influence of ecstasy or 'coming down' from it, which can take several days <ref name="21a">Goren, N., '''Prevention Research Quarterly''', 2005, http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/attachments/353_ResearchbookletDec05.pdf</ref>, <ref name="20a"/>. <br />
<br />
Warning signs suggestive of a serious life and death event include -<br />
<br />
* excessive thirst and profuse sweating,<br />
* muscle cramping,<br />
* shaking chills,<br />
* little to no urine output,<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* fainting,<br />
* seizure <ref name="19a"/>.<br />
<br />
If not treated as an emergency, any of the above potential complications can lead to death <ref name="19a"/>.<br />
<br />
The unwanted signs of ecstasy include -<br />
<br />
* higher heart rate,<br />
* increase blood pressure,<br />
* muscle tension,<br />
* tightness in mouth and jaw,<br />
* feeling faint,<br />
* hot or cold flushes,<br />
* organ complications due to increased body temperature <ref name="17a"/>.<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* heatstroke,<br />
* in rare cases people have suffered heart attacks and strokes,<br />
* some people report feelings of depression, anxiety and lethargy for a few days after using ecstasy but these effects usually pass <ref name="37a"/>.<br />
<br />
Risk of negative effects increases because -<br />
<br />
* people using ecstasy commonly take multiple doses in one session,<br />
* with uncontrolled drug manufacturing, it is impossible to tell how much of the drug one is consuming,<br />
* frequently, there are other drugs mixed into the tablets,<br />
* ecstasy can stimulate physical activity, which can lead to dehydration <ref name="17a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Short-term ===<br />
<br />
* [[heatstroke]],<br />
* collapse,<br />
* coma <ref name="8a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Long-term ===<br />
<br />
* psychological disturbance,<br />
* depression,<br />
* liver damage,<br />
* kidney damage <ref name="8a"/>.<br />
<br />
There is growing evidence of damage to nerve endings in the brain but the effects of this on behaviour and the long term consequences for users is still unknown <ref name="8a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Purity ==<br />
<br />
A big problem with Ecstasy pills is that they're rarely pure. They can be cut with [[amphetamines]] (like speed), [[caffeine]] and other substances with some similar effects - because it's cheaper to produce and can increase the dealer's profits.<br />
<br />
When Ecstasy has been cut with an alternative stimulant that is slower to kick in than MDMA, some users have then topped-up with another dose prematurely; and then they find they suffer side-effects because they've then overdosed <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
Tablets contain, on average, 60 - 70 mg (base equivalent) of MDMA either as the hydrochloride salt or, less commonly, as the phosphate salt. Loose powders may range from crushed tablets (typically 30% - 40% purity) to almost pure MDMA. The free base constitutes 84% of the hydrochloride salt. Apart from the active drug, tablets contain a bulking agent such as lactose and smaller quantities of binders. In 2011, average values of 43 (Denmark) to 113 mg (Turkey) MDMA per tablet were reported across Europe.<br />
<br />
During the last few years, there has been a change in the content of illicit drug tablets in Europe, from a situation where most tablets analysed contained MDMA or another ecstasy-like substance (MDEA, MDA) as the only psychoactive substance, to one where the contents are more diverse, and MDMA-like substances less present. This shift was most pronounced in 2009, when only three countries reported that MDMA-like substances accounted for a large proportion of the tablets analysed. More recently, there is evidence of a return to MDMA in tablets. In 2011, the number of countries reporting a predominance of tablets containing MDMA-like substances increased to eleven <ref name="3a"/>.<br />
<br />
Today, a high percentage of pills contain other drugs; some pills marketed as ecstasy may not even contain any MDMA. These adulterants can include other club drugs such as [[MDA]], [[PMA]], [[Ketamine]], [[PCP]], and [[DXM]], while some pills are cut with ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and even [[caffeine]] and over-the-counter medications. It is believed that the contents of a pill can be identified based on its logo or colour (e.g. red pills are believed to contain mescaline, brown pills assumed to contain heroin, etc.), but a pill's colour and logo say nothing about its ingredients, as pill manufacturers often add food colouring to dye the tablets <ref name="22a">'''MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)''', 2016, https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/mdma-ecstasymolly</ref>, <ref name="18a"/>.<br />
<br />
The quality of all drugs is variable and nowhere is this more true than with MDMA. Users were always at risk of buying low quality tablets. However, as cost dropped, so did quality and some pills sold contain little or no MDMA.<br />
<br />
Some will contain other psychoactive substances, there is a chance that any old tablet finds its way onto the streets - headache tablets, other medications, veterinary supplies, old capsules filled with any white powder. There are plenty of tales of things like 'worming tablets' being sold - partly based on the reality that tablets containing [[piperazines]] (an E-like stimulant) were originally used as cattle worming tablets.<br />
<br />
Even if the tablet or capsule contains a genuine illegal, psychoactive drug, it may not be MDMA. As the drugs market becomes swamped with newer psychoactive compounds, so products sold as 'Ecstasy' could contain other drugs. These could be an MDMA-related compound, such as MDEA or MDA.<br />
<br />
Recently, tablets have been found to contain the chemical PMA or PMAA. Although in the same general family as MDMA, PMA is considerably more dangerous, with a slow onset, high risk of overdosing and a significant impact on body temperature. It has caused a number of fatalities in recent years.<br />
<br />
Other tablets have been found to contain emergent drugs like mephedrone, ketamine, butylone, amphetamine and a host of other compounds.<br />
<br />
It should be stressed that tablets containing pure MDMA can still be risky. Some tablets contain very high doses of MDMA, and so fatalities could be due to strong tablets as much as contaminated ones.<br />
<br />
For a long time, people who were wary of the pill market would seek out MDMA powder as being better quality. While there is still undoubtedly good quality MDMA powder on the market, there is also a lot of highly contaminated MDMA, bulked out with other white-powder drugs <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy is most often swallowed in tablets or capsules. Tablets vary in shape, size, colour, and the<br />
amount of drug they contain.<br />
<br />
Many are stamped with official-looking names or logos. However, these stamps do not identify what is in the pills and do not mean the pills are safe.<br />
<br />
In fact, many pills may not have any ecstasy in them at all. The makers often use cheaper ingredients instead, such as cornstarch, soaps or detergents. And if there is an active ingredient in the tablet, it may not be MDMA <ref name="38a"/>. Common substitutions include -<br />
<br />
* hallucinogens, such as LSD,<br />
* anesthetics, such as ketamine or PCP,<br />
* stimulants, such as -<br />
** caffeine,<br />
** ephedrine,<br />
** methamphetamine,<br />
** cocaine <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
Such drug mixtures can pose severe risks to users' health and safety.<br />
<br />
Some tablets may be sold as "herbal ecstasy." These may not contain any MDMA. Instead, they usually contain ephedrine, a natural stimulant. But these are no safer than regular ecstasy <ref name="38a"/>. If abused, ephedrine can increase the risk of -<br />
<br />
* stroke,<br />
* heart attack,<br />
* death <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy should never be combined with other illicit drugs or prescription medications. Toxic<br />
reactions can happen if ecstasy is taken with medications used to treat depression or HIV <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Quality control ===<br />
<br />
The UK doesn't currently have any routine MDMA testing processes in place in club settings. In lieu of such a harm-reduction intervention, there are a number of DIY alternatives.<br />
<br />
The website [[www.pillreports.net|Pill Report]] has become increasingly reliable as an international database of pill-feedback. It is primarily user-generated and includes bulletins from agencies where relevant. It is international so people should ensure that they are looking at recent, local reports to ensure that they are relevant.<br />
<br />
Testing kits are available, and while they are able to identify the presence of MDMA they cannot reliably indicate the presence of potentially dangerous contaminants.<br />
<br />
MDMA can have a distinctive vanilla-esque smell and very bitter taste. However both the smell and taste can be faked <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Is ecstasy getting stronger? ===<br />
<br />
There have been many reports in the media that ecstasy is getting stronger. [[http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/2473/TD0116348ENN.pdf|A study from the European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction]] (EMCDDA) from April 2016 looked at this issue. They state that in the 1990's and 2000's the average MDMA content of tablets was somewhere between 50 - 80 mg, as reported by drug checking services and forensic institutes. Currently, however, the averages are closer to 125 mg MDMA per tablet, while there are also 'super pills' found on the market in some European countries with a reported range of 270 - 340 mg. There are reports of large variations in the dosage in similar looking tablets <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Addiction ==<br />
<br />
It's possible to build up tolerance to ecstasy, which means people need to take more of the drug to get the same buzz.<br />
<br />
You may also develop a psychological dependence (a strong desire to keep on using despite the long-term risks, such as damaging relationships or losing your job) <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
MDMA is generally considered to have a low potential for addiction, especially when compared to drugs such as alcohol, tobacco or heroin. Although users may report a strong desire to take the drug, they are generally able to stop use if they feel that it is negatively affecting their lives. However, in some cases people have found it difficult to control their use <ref name="23a">'''MDMA''', 2017, http://www.drugscience.org.uk/drugs/stimulants/mdma/</ref>.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy can be addictive. If people use too much ecstasy, they may become tolerant to the drug's effects. This means they need to take more and more of it to feel the drug's effects <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Dangerous interactions ==<br />
<br />
Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption <ref name="9a"/>.<br />
<br />
* '''25x-NBOMe''' - Both the NBOMe series and this compound induce powerful stimulation and their interaction may cause severe side-effects. These can include thought loops, seizures, increased blood pressure, vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, and heart failure (in extreme cases).<br />
* '''alcohol''' - It is dangerous to combine alcohol, a depressant, with stimulants due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the sedative effect of alcohol which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of alcohol will be significantly increased, leading to intensified disinhibition as well as respiratory depression. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only drinking a certain amount of alcohol per hour.<br />
* '''DXM''' - This combination may cause increased heart rate and panic attacks.<br />
* '''MXE''' - Increased heart rate and blood pressure may occur.<br />
* '''tramadol''' - This combination can increase the risk of seizures.<br />
* '''MAOIs''' - This combination may increase the amount of neurotransmitters such as dopamine to dangerous or even fatal levels. Examples include syrian rue, banisteriopsis caapi, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, αMT, and some antidepressants <ref name="24a">Gillman, P. K., '''Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, opioid analgesics and serotonin toxicity''', ''British Journal of Anaesthesia'', 2005, 95, 4, 434-441, https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aei210, https://academic.oup.com/bja/article/95/4/434/302715/Monoamine-oxidase-inhibitors-opioid-analgesics-and</ref>.<br />
* '''stimulants''' - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA may be increased when combined with other stimulants.<br />
* '''cocaine''' - This combination may increase strain on the heart <ref name="9a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Dangerous ===<br />
<br />
* '''αMT''',<br />
* '''DXM''',<br />
* '''Tramadol''' - Tramadol and stimulants both increase the risk of seizures,<br />
* '''MAOIs''' - MAO-B inhibitors can increase the potency and duration of phenethylamines unpredictably. MAO-A inhibitors with MDMA will lead to hypertensive crises <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Unsafe ===<br />
<br />
* '''PCP''' - This combination can easily lead to hypermanic states <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Caution ===<br />
<br />
* '''DOx''' - The combined stimulating effects of the two can be uncomfortable. Coming down on the MDMA while the DOx is still active can be quite anxiogenic.<br />
* '''NBOMes''',<br />
* '''2C-T-x''',<br />
* '''5-MeO-xxT''' - Some of the 5-MeO tryptamines are a bit unpredictable and should be mixed with MDMA with care<br />
* '''MXE''' - There have been reports of risky serotonergic interactions when the two are taken at the same time, but MXE taken to the end of an MDMA experience does not appear to cause the same issues.<br />
* '''Cocaine''' - Cocaine blocks some of the desirable effects of MDMA while increasing the risk of heart attack.<br />
* '''Caffeine''' - Caffiene is not really necessary with MDMA and increases any neurotoxic effects from MDMA<br />
* '''Alcohol''' - Both MDMA and alcohol cause dehydration. Approach this combination with caution, moderation and sufficient hydration. More than a small amount of alcohol will dull the euphoria of MDMA<br />
* '''GHB/GBL''' - Large amounts of GHB/GBL may overwhelm the effects of MDMA on the comedown <ref name="10a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Withdrawal ==<br />
<br />
If a drug like ecstasy is suddenly stopped or withdrawn, the person can experience withdrawal symptoms. Drug cravings are one of the most common symptoms of withdrawal <ref name="38a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Symptoms ===<br />
<br />
Much of the psychological symptoms of ecstasy withdrawal have to do with serotonin levels being depleted. Over time, your brain can restore its depleted levels of serotonin, but it certainly does not happen overnight. Just know that it may take an extended period of time before you are able to consider yourself fully recovered from the effects of MDMA. Below is a list of the psychological and physical symptoms that you may experience when withdrawing from Ecstasy or 'Molly' <ref name="25a">'''MDMA (Ecstasy, Molly) Drug Withdrawal Symptoms: What You May Experience''', 2014, http://mentalhealthdaily.com/2014/03/19/mdma-ecstasy-molly-drug-withdrawal-symptoms-what-you-may-experience/</ref>.<br />
<br />
* '''Anxiety''' - It is common to feel fearful and high levels of anxiety when quitting Ecstasy. As your brain restores its serotonin levels, your anxiety should eventually subside. This may last for quite some time though depending on your usage.<br />
* '''Confusion''' - Mental confusion and cognitive impairment is a common symptom of withdrawal.<br />
* '''Cravings''' - Many people have intense cravings for Ecstasy when they've stopped. The drug makes many people feel so good that they cannot think of living life without it.<br />
* '''[[depersonalisation]]''' - You may feel unlike your real self - this is because your brain chemicals are out of homeostasis.<br />
* '''Depression''' - One of the most difficult symptoms for people to deal with when withdrawing from Ecstasy is depression. Depression is a common symptom and is a result of abnormally low levels of serotonin.<br />
* '''Delusions''' - Certain people may experience delusions or 'false beliefs' about reality. You may think that someone is out to get you - in similar manner to someone would with schizophrenia.<br />
* '''Fatigue''' - You may feel both mentally and physically fatigued upon stopping Ecstasy. The lethargy may be overwhelming initially and you may find yourself sleeping or tired on a consistent basis.<br />
* '''Hallucinations''' - Some people actually hallucinate when coming off of Ecstasy. Hallucinations could be both auditory and visual. You may see things and/or hear voices. Although these aren't necessarily typical symptoms, they have been documented.<br />
* '''Insomnia''' - Inability to fall asleep at night is another common symptom that could be a result of your withdrawal.<br />
* '''Irritability''' - If you find yourself becoming increasingly irritable, just know that this is a common symptom of withdrawal.<br />
* '''Loss of appetite''' - Another symptom is loss of appetite - you may not feel like eating for awhile. Do your best to eat what you can and consume healthy foods.<br />
* '''Mood swings''' - It is pretty common for people withdrawing from any drug to experience mood swings. With Ecstasy, mood swings are particularly common due to the fact that the drug throws your brain's serotonin and dopamine levels out of homeostasis.<br />
* '''Memory loss''' - Experiencing temporary memory loss is another symptom that some people report. Eventually your memory functioning should return to normal.<br />
* '''Muscle rigidity''' - Some people experience muscle rigidity and/or stiffness - almost like they are constantly flexed. In order to reduce this rigidity and possible soreness, give it time.<br />
* '''Panic attacks''' - Any drug that affects the serotonin system could result in the user experiencing panic attacks when trying to withdraw.<br />
* '''Paranoia''' - In long-term frequent users, many develop paranoid thinking. This is because the drug itself affects serotonin and dopamine. Although it releases more serotonin than dopamine, the decreased amount of dopamine stores could result in paranoid thinking.<br />
* '''Poor concentration''' - Due to your brain trying to readjust, you may notice lapses in your ability to concentrate. Withdrawal symptoms from MDMA are similar to that of amphetamines.<br />
* '''Psychosis''' - Some people experience psychosis or psychotic-like symptoms when coming off of this drug <ref name="25a"/>.<br />
* '''Aches and pains''',<br />
* '''Exhaustion''',<br />
* '''Restless sleep''',<br />
* '''Agitation''' <ref name="20a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Duration of withdrawal ===<br />
<br />
Like the symptoms of ecstasy withdrawal, the duration of the process is different for everyone. Symptoms usually peak within a few days of quitting the drug and last about a week. Severe psychological symptoms, like depression and cravings, may persist for several weeks to several months <ref name="26a">Smith, K., '''Ecstasy Withdrawal and Detox''', 2016, https://www.addictioncenter.com/drugs/ecstasy/withdrawal-detox/</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Ecstasy withdrawal timeline ===<br />
<br />
* '''Days 1 - 13''' - Withdrawal symptoms begin within a few days of quitting ecstasy. Anxiety, irritability, insomnia, an inability to concentrate, paranoia and depression may present quickly and intensely. Users may also lose their appetite and feel physically and mentally tired.<br />
* '''Days 4 - 10''' - Most withdrawal symptoms last about a week and will lessen in severity toward the end of that time. Depression, cravings and problems with sleeping, concentration and memory may persist.<br />
* '''Days 11''' - Over the next few weeks, depression can be severe as the user's brain chemistry continues to readjust. The user may still struggle with cravings, insomnia, and concentration and memory problems. These symptoms will eventually fade, but it can take weeks or even months for some users to be completely free of the effects of withdrawal <ref name="26a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Drug testing ==<br />
<br />
Determining exactly how long ecstasy is detectable in the body depends on many variables, including which kind of drug test is being used. Ecstasy - also known as Adam, STP, XTC - can be detected for a shorter time with some tests, but can be 'visible' for up to three months in other tests.<br />
<br />
The timetable for detecting ecstasy in the system is also dependent upon each individual's metabolism, body mass, age, hydration level, physical activity, health conditions and other factors, making it almost impossible to determine an exact time ecstasy will show up on a drug test <ref name="14a"/>.<br />
<br />
The following is an estimated range of times, or detection windows, during which ecstasy can be detected by various testing methods -<br />
<br />
=== How long does ecstasy show up in urine? ===<br />
<br />
Ecstasy is detectable in a urine test for 2 - 5 days <ref name="14a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== How long does ecstasy stay in the blood? ===<br />
<br />
A blood test will detect Ecstasy for up to 24 hours <ref name="14a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== How long will ecstasy show up in a saliva test? ===<br />
<br />
A saliva test will detect Ecstasy from 1 - 5 days <ref name="14a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== How long does ecstasy remain in hair? ===<br />
<br />
Ecstasy, like many other drugs, can be detected with a hair follicle drug test for up to 90 days <ref name="14a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Legality ==<br />
<br />
* Ecstasy is a Class A drug and is illegal to have, give away or sell.<br />
* Possession can get you up to seven years in jail.<br />
* Supplying someone else, including your friends, can get you life and an unlimited fine <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== What if you're caught? ===<br />
<br />
* Possession can get you up to seven years in jail, and an unlimited fine.<br />
* Supplying someone else, including your friends, can get you life and an unlimited fine <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
If the Police catch you with ecstasy, they'll always take some action. This could include a formal caution, arrest and prosecution <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
* A conviction for a drug-related offence could have a serious impact. It can stop you visiting certain countries - for example the United States - and limit the types of jobs you can apply for <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Did you know? ===<br />
<br />
* Like drinking and driving, driving when under the influence of drugs is illegal - in fact you can still be unfit to drive the day after using ecstasy, especially if you've been up all night dancing. You can get a heavy fine, be disqualified from driving or even go to prison.<br />
* Allowing other people to supply drugs in your house or any other premises is illegal. If the police catch people supplying illegal drugs in a club they can potentially prosecute the landlord, club owner or any person concerned in the management of the premises <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Mixing with other drugs ==<br />
<br />
Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption <ref name="27a">'''MDMA''', 2016, https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/MDMA</ref>.<br />
<br />
* '''25x-NBOMe''' - Both the NBOMe series and this compound induce powerful [[stimulation]] and their interaction may cause severe side-effects. These can include [[thought-loops]], [[seizures]], increased blood pressure, [[vasoconstriction]], increased heart rate, and heart failure (in extreme cases),<br />
* '''Alcohol''' - It is dangerous to combine alcohol, a depressant, with stimulants due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the sedative effect of alcohol which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of alcohol will be significantly increased, leading to intensified disinhibition as well as respiratory depression. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only drinking a certain amount of alcohol per hour, <br />
* '''DXM''' - This combination may cause increased heart rate and panic attacks,<br />
* '''MXE''' - Increased heart rate and blood pressure may occur,<br />
* '''Tramadol''' - This combination can increase the risk of seizures,<br />
* '''MAOIs''' - This combination may increase the amount of neurotransmitters such as dopamine to dangerous or even fatal levels. Examples include syrian rue, banisteriopsis caapi, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, αMT, and some antidepressants. <br />
* '''Stimulants''' - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA may be increased when combined with other stimulants, <br />
* '''Cocaine''' - This combination may increase strain on the heart <ref name="27a"/>.<br />
<br />
* '''Ecstasy alcohol''' - increased risk of dehydration and consequently drinking too much water <ref name="28a">Hernandez-Lopez, C. and Farre, M. and Roset, P. and Menoyo, E. and Pizarro, N. and Ortuno, J. and de la Torre, R., '''3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) and alcohol interactions in humans: Psychomotor performance, subjective effects, and pharmacokinetics''', ''Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics'', 2002, 300, 1, 236-244, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752122</ref>.<br />
<br />
* '''Ecstasy ice or speed''' - increased risk of anxiety and reduced brain functioning due to dopamine depletion. Enormous strain on the heart and other parts of the body, which can lead to stroke <ref name="30a">Australian Government Department of Health & Ageing, '''National Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Strategy''', 2007, http://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/publishing.nsf/Content/98CFCAEC1A10BE00CA2574C5000C2641/File/mono69.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
* '''Ecstasy antidepressants''' - Drowsiness, clumsiness, restlessness and feeling drunk and dizzy <ref name="29a">Copeland, J. and Dillon, P. and Gascoigne, M., '''Ecstasy And The Concomitant Use Of Pharmaceuticals''', National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, 2004, 201, http://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/ndarc/resources/TR.201.pdf</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Harm reduction ==<br />
<br />
About 10 Ecstasy-related deaths have been reported in the UK each year for the past several years. Although the number of deaths is relatively low compared to drugs such as heroin or alcohol, there is still cause for concern.<br />
<br />
The following may help to reduce the risks associated with ecstasy use -<br />
<br />
* You should avoid using ecstasy if you have high blood pressure, heart disease, epilepsy (or family history of epilepsy), diabetes or liver problems. You should also avoid using it if you have had psychiatric problems like depression or anxiety. The combination of ecstasy and flashing lights in clubs can make some people more susceptible to seizures. Take advice if you are unsure <ref name="2a"/>. These conditions and ecstasy/MDMA mean that you can be at increased risk of bad reactions to ecstasy, so it is best avoided <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
* Taking ecstasy and dancing in hot clubs can cause dehydration and overheating. Non-alcoholic drinks such as water or isotonic drinks help to prevent this. However, it can be dangerous to drink too much fluid. It is therefore advisable to sip one pint of non-alcoholic liquid (not more) per hour. Regular rests from dancing will also reduce the risks of dehydration and overheating <ref name="2a"/>. Relax somewhere cool and sip water or another non-alcoholic drink slowly (one pint an hour). Do not drink too much as this can also be dangerous. Drinking too much or too quickly affects your body's salt balance <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
* People using ecstasy in clubs or at dance events should ensure that they will be looked after in the event of an emergency. It is advisable to go to events that adhere to a safer dancing code of conduct, including adequate ventilation, rest areas, freely available water and staff who are trained to deal with emergencies.<br />
<br />
* Regular users sometimes report that they develop a tolerance to MDMA and need to take higher doses to experience the same effects. This will increase the risks.<br />
<br />
* Comedowns can last 3 - 4 days and can leave users feeling very low and irritable <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
* There is no way to know what is in an ecstasy pill unless you can get it tested. Information from testing centres suggest that ecstasy is getting stronger so the advice is to '''start low and go slow''' - e.g. begin by taking a quarter of a pill and wait an hour or two to see the effects. This advice is reiterated in the CrushDabWait campaign, where users are encouraged to crush their pill, dab in a wet finger, swallow and wait to see how strong the effects are.<br />
<br />
* If possible get the tablets tested. Testing facilities are becoming increasingly available at festivals and clubs.<br />
<br />
* As with all drugs it is best not to use ecstasy alone but to be with friends you trust and who preferably know some first aid.<br />
<br />
* Always seek medical attention if you are worried about your or a friend's reaction to ecstasy <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
* Be careful with your dose. Start with a low dose and give the drug time to take effect before redosing.<br />
<br />
* If dancing drink about a pint of water per hour to avoid dehydration but be careful not to drink too much. Some people have suffered problems from drinking too much water when taking ecstasy.<br />
<br />
* Take a break and chill out regularly to reduce the risk of [[heatstroke]].<br />
* If somebody is overheating, take them to a cool place, remove clothing and use water to try to cool them down.<br />
<br />
* If somebody collapses or becomes unresponsive after taking ecstasy put them in the [[recovery position]] and call for immediate medical assistance <ref name="37a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Before ===<br />
<br />
Research local warnings about pills; look here - http://www.pillreports.net<br />
<br />
* ensure that you are in good physical and mental health before use; use for people with pre-existing health problems is especially risky,<br />
* use should not take place on top of other substances (including alcohol) and can be especially risky on top of some anti-depressants,<br />
* use should take place in an environment where you feel safe, with a sober person, who you trust, and who will seek help if you need it <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Test the drug ====<br />
<br />
Dealers can mix other chemicals, from caffeine to methamphetamine, into MDMA and ecstasy. We recommend that you always test your pills using a [[https://www.reagent-tests.uk/product/mdma-reagent-test-kit/|drug testing kit]]. Depending on the country you're in, there are places where you can [[https://www.ecstasydata.org/send_sample.php|send samples of your pills]] to be tested. Another recommended source is [[http://www.pillreports.net/|Pill Reports]], where you can search for an ecstasy pill by its stamp and appearance. However, this is not a foolproof way to making sure that your pills are safe.<br />
<br />
Accidental deaths have occurred due to ingesting compounds such as [[http://www.theguardian.com/society/shortcuts/2013/jul/22/pma-not-another-drug-scare-story|PMMA in a pill that was thought to be MDMA]]. We know some people cannot be bothered to test, but it is becoming increasingly important to do this in order to stay safe <ref name="31a">'''MDMA''', 2016, http://www.drugsand.me/mdma/</ref>.<br />
<br />
==== Dose ====<br />
<br />
As you cannot be sure about the strength or quality of what you are taking, use a quarter to a half tablet to start with, or 1/10th gram or less of powder. Allow up to two hours for the drug to work. Even if nothing happens after two hours, don't use any more; the drug may be having an undetectable effect of which you are unaware.<br />
<br />
If you like the effects and want to use more, use a smaller second dose, and don't keep redosing all evening <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== During ===<br />
<br />
* keep cool - take time out from dancing in club settings and get in to a cool environment to lose heat; remove scarves or hats to help cool down,<br />
* use cool water on face and neck to help cool down,<br />
* stay hydrated - sipping around a pint of water per hour. Don't use caffeinated energy drinks as they can increase heart problems and dehydration,<br />
* the safest option would be to drink sports rehydration drinks as they will help replace lost minerals along with fluids,<br />
* don't panic if you can't pee - it doesn't mean you are dehydrated: MDMA affects kidney function and reduces urine output,<br />
* don't drink too much water as this can be dangerous,<br />
* MDMA can make users feel sexually aroused; ensure you are around friends who you trust and ensure you have condoms with you in case things go further,<br />
* jaw clenching can damage teeth - use gum to help protect you from grinding <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Take a break from dancing ====<br />
<br />
MDMA can change your body temperature regulation, while dancing increases your body temperature. These combined can lead to heat stroke, so take a break from dancing from time to time to cool down <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Avoid re-dosing ====<br />
<br />
A common mistake which can lead to a bad experience (or even to hospitalisation) is taking another dose of MDMA because the first one did not have an effect. This leads to 'coming up' twice as hard, which is very dangerous. MDMA takes a long time to digest and absorb, so be patient, and wait for it to kick in <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Emergencies and overdosing ====<br />
<br />
* How to know if someone took an overdose -<br />
** vomiting,<br />
** headaches,<br />
** dizziness,<br />
** serotonin syndrome - increased heart rate, shivering, twitching, over-responsive reflexes, extremely high temperatures <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
Do not hesitate to call a paramedic if you feel any of these symptoms. You will not get into trouble <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== After ===<br />
<br />
The MDMA hangover, or comedown, varies from person to person and is dependent on the amount taken. The effects can also last from 1 up to 14 days after use <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
The after-effects include -<br />
<br />
* fuzzy memory,<br />
* decrease in attention or difficulty concentrating,<br />
* some people feel happier in general and more focused,<br />
* mild to strong depression <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
Some people experience a 'loss of magic' after using MDMA after a couple of uses, meaning the drug doesn't feel as good as the first few times. However, this does not happen to all people. If MDMA is taken on successive days or weeks, then the negative and comedown effects are worsened <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
Lots of people report a serious dip in mood after using MDMA - the dreaded 'mid-week blues'. At this point people may have low levels of serotonin which can leave the person feeling sad, weepy, depressed and experiencing poor quality sleep.<br />
<br />
The temptation is for people to escape this low mood through use of other drugs (like cannabis or tranquillisers) or use of stimulants to lift mood. Use of any drugs is liable to worsen mental wellbeing.<br />
<br />
Healthy diet, including bananas, dairy, poultry, nuts and pulses can help the brain's levels of serotonin get back to normal. Some people advocate the use of supplements such as 5-HTP. Natural sleep and moderate exercise can help.<br />
<br />
If low mood persists, seek help.<br />
<br />
Have a good long break (three or more weeks minimum) before use of more MDMA. Allow yourself to fully recover <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Additional harm reduction advice ====<br />
<br />
Drink plenty of water before and after, and we also recommend taking vitamin supplements. Here is [[http://www.rollsafe.org/|RollSafe's]] <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
Guide to supplementing vitamins with MDMA -<br />
<br />
===== 6 hours before =====<br />
<br />
* 200mg (2 pills, normally) Magnesium Glycinate,<br />
* A glass of grapefruit juice <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
===== 1 - 3 hours before =====<br />
<br />
* 100mg Na-R-ALA (when buying, make sure it is Na-R-ALA, not R-ALA),<br />
* 200mg Magnesium Glycinate,<br />
* 1000mg Vitamin-C (e.g. 1x Emergen-C packet),<br />
* 100mg Grape Seed Extract,<br />
* A Glass of grapefruit juice,<br />
* 500mg ALCAR,<br />
* 400mg EGCG,<br />
* 100mg CoQ10 <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
===== 30 mins before =====<br />
<br />
* 1x Tums/Rolaids (unlike the other supplements listed here, this is not for harm reduction. Instead, it increases stomach alkalinity which prolongs the roll) <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
===== 2 hours after dosing =====<br />
<br />
* 100mg Na-R-ALA,<br />
* 200mg Magnesium Glycinate,<br />
* 1000mg Vitamin-C,<br />
* 100mg Grape Seed Extract <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
===== 4 hours after dosing =====<br />
<br />
* 100mg Na-R-ALA <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
===== That night =====<br />
<br />
* 5--10mg Melatonin <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
===== The following 3 - 7 nights =====<br />
<br />
* 100mg 5-HTP,<br />
* 400mg EGCG <ref name="31a"/>.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
MDMA was 'rediscovered' by Dr Alexander Shulgin who, although in official retirement, was the sole holder of the licence given by the Government of the United States to develop compounds that may have health and commercial benefits. Shulgin spent a lot of time working on the phenethylamine group of drugs of which MDMA (first synthesised by Merck just before the First World War) belongs to. It was used as a tool in psychotherapy, and its rediscovery pushed it back into that field again. It was found that the drug had disinhibiting qualities that promoted feelings of 'empathy' and 'openness' which helped couples in dysfunctional relationships. As it gained popularity amongst students as a 'party' drug in the US, the name 'E' (short for 'ecstasy', although it may originally have been intended to stand for 'empathy', which could be considered more logical) became associated with it.<br />
<br />
Ecstasy became very closely associated, and its use and popularity magnified with the dance rave culture in the late 1980's. This continued for around a decade, after which a great decrease in purity was seen along with a move away from the dance scene and perhaps associated with the ageing 80's 'clubber' generation. However, the last few years have seen another big explosion of Ecstasy use. This time round, we are seeing MDMA powder becoming more popular, probably due to the very low quality of pills found, and MDMA powder entering the market as a 'cleaner', purer, more real form <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
In 1912, a German pharmaceutical company first synthesized MDMA in an attempt to create an appetite suppressant. In the late 1970's, it was rediscovered by a small group of U.S. therapists hoping to utilise it in psychotherapy and marriage counselling. MDMA became illegal in 1988 and was categorised as a Schedule I drug. Recreational, illicit use of the drug started becoming popular in the United States in the late 1980's and early 1990's. Ecstasy soon became popular at 'raves' - large dance parties with throbbing electronic music and pulsating lights. Currently, however, raves are not the only setting where ecstasy is used; abuse at house parties, college dorms, and various other places has become more widespread <ref name="18a"/>.<br />
<br />
MDMA was originally synthesised in 1912 by the chemist Anton Köllisch as a potential medicine to stop abnormal bleeding. Over the following 65 years, MDMA was widely forgotten about with the first reports of it being used recreationally going back to 1970 <ref name="36a">Bernschneider-Reif, S. and Öxler, F. and Freudenmann, R. W., '''The origin of MDMA ('Ecstasy') - separating the facts from the myth''', ''Die Pharmazie - An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences'', 2006, 61, 11, 966-972, http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/govi/pharmaz/2006/00000061/00000011/art00015</ref>. Chemist Alexander Shulgin is credited with popularising the use of MDMA in psychotherapy in the late 1970's <ref name="32a">Shulgin, A. and Shulgin, A., '''PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story''', 1991, 1, Transform Press</ref>. It was finally scheduled as a controlled substance in 1985 when its use began to propagate out to mainstream society and rave culture <ref name="33a">Adam, D., '''Pharmaceutical company unravels drug's chequered past''', 2006, http://www.mdma.net/merck/history-ecstasy.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
Researchers are investigating whether a few low doses of MDMA may assist in treating severe, treatment-resistant post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) <ref name="34a">Meyer, J. S., '''3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives''', ''Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation'', 2013, 4, 83-99, https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S37258, https://www.dovepress.com/34-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-mdma-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-article-SAR</ref>, <ref name="35a">Parrott, A. C., '''The potential dangers of using MDMA for psychotherapy''', ''Journal of Psychoactive Drugs'', 2014, 46, 1, 37-43, http://10.1080/02791072.2014.873690, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24830184</ref>. More research is needed to determine if its usefulness outweighs the risk of harm <ref name="34a"/>, <ref name="35a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Emergencies ==<br />
<br />
=== Panic attacks ===<br />
<br />
If you feel or someone you are looking after start getting panicky (heart racing, breathing getting very fast, feeling very anxious) the following might help -<br />
<br />
* Sit down with your back against something solid (wall, fence),<br />
* Bring knees up and have head between knees,<br />
* Take deep regular breaths in through the nose and breath out through the mouth,<br />
* If you are helping a person who is panicking, provide reassurance, by talking calmly and ensuring that they aren't being hassled by lots of people,<br />
* If the symptoms get worse or there are persisting chest pains seek medical help urgently <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Convulsions ===<br />
<br />
MDMA and related compounds can cause convulsions. If you are with someone having a convulsion -<br />
<br />
* Don't try to restrain them or put anything in their mouth,<br />
* Do move furniture or other hazards out of the way so the person won't hit them,<br />
* Do place a pillow, cushion or folded jacket under the person's head cushion it,<br />
* Always send someone to get help <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Overheating ===<br />
<br />
MDMA-type drugs can cause a dangerous increase in body temperature. This can be fatal <ref name="6a"/>. Signs of overheating aren't always easy to spot but can include -<br />
<br />
* Feeling very hot,<br />
* Stopping sweating,<br />
* Cramps in legs and arms,<br />
* Headaches,<br />
* Feeling anxious or panicky <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Dealing with overheating ====<br />
<br />
* It's a medical emergency: dial 999 or get on-site medics to help,<br />
* Keep the person cool,<br />
* Get them in to fresh air. (At a festival this includes taking them out of sleeping bag or tent),<br />
* Remove any heavy outer clothes,<br />
* Spray them with cool water,<br />
* If they are shaking or convulsing don't restrain them as this will make them hotter,<br />
* Don't try and make them drink anything at this stage - it could make things worse,<br />
* Tell the emergency services the person may have taken an MDMA-type drug <ref name="6a"/>.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
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** :Category:Gabapentinoids|Gabapentinoids<br />
** :Category:Hallucinogenics|Hallucinogenics<br />
** :Category:Hypnotics|Hypnotics<br />
** :Category:Inhalants|Inhalants<br />
** :Category:Muscle relaxants|Muscle relaxants<br />
** :Category:Opioids|Opioids<br />
** :Category:Psychedelics|Psychedelics<br />
** :Category:Psychoactives|Psychoactives<br />
** :Category:Sedatives|Sedatives<br />
** :Category:Stimulants|Stimulants<br />
** :Category:Synthetic hormones|Synthetic hormones<br />
* SEARCH<br />
* TOOLBOX</div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=Emergency_Care&diff=738Emergency Care2018-07-06T21:19:17Z<p>Sharon: Created page with "At some stage you may be required to perform first aid for somebody who needs it through the usage of some form of drugs, whether it be for recreational use or a prescribed dr..."</p>
<hr />
<div>At some stage you may be required to perform first aid for somebody who needs it through the usage of some form of drugs, whether it be for recreational use or a prescribed drug. So this may help you save somebodies life through your prompt action.<br />
<br />
== Heat Stroke ==<br />
<br />
* Heat stroke is a form of hyperthermia in which the body temperature is elevated dramatically.<br />
* Heat stroke is a medical emergency and can be fatal if not promptly and properly treated.<br />
* The cause of heat stroke is an elevation in body temperature, often accompanied by dehydration <ref name="1a">medicinenet, '''Heat Stroke''', 2018, https://www.medicinenet.com/heat_stroke/article.htm</ref>.<br />
<br />
Different people may have different symptoms and signs of heatstroke. Common symptoms and signs of heat stroke include -<br />
<br />
* high body temperature,<br />
* the absence of sweating, with hot red or flushed dry skin, or damp skin,<br />
* headache,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* nausea <ref name="2a"/>,<br />
* rapid pulse,<br />
* strange behaviour,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* seizure, and/or coma <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== What to do ===<br />
<br />
* Call 999/911 right away - heat stroke is a medical emergency.<br />
* Move the person to a cooler place.<br />
* Help lower the person's temperature with cool cloths or with whatever means available - sponge with cool water, fan while misting with cool water.<br />
* Do not give the person anything to drink <ref name="2a">CDC, '''Warning Signs and Symptoms of Heat-Related Illness''', 2017, https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/warning.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Complications ===<br />
<br />
Heatstroke can result in a number of complications, depending on how long the body temperature is<br />
high. Severe complications may include -<br />
<br />
* '''Vital organ damage'''. Without a quick response to lower body temperature, heatstroke can cause your brain or other vital organs to swell, possibly resulting in permanent damage.<br />
* '''Death'''. Without prompt and adequate treatment, heatstroke can be fatal <ref name="3a">Mayo Clinic Staff, '''Heatstroke''', 2017, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20353581</ref>.<br />
<br />
== The Recovery Position ==<br />
<br />
If a person is unconscious but is breathing and has no other life-threatening conditions, they should be placed in the recovery position.<br />
<br />
Putting someone in the recovery position will keep their airway clear and open. It also ensures that<br />
any vomit or fluid won't cause them to choke <ref name="4a">NHS, '''Recovery Position''', 2018, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/first-aid/recovery-position/</ref>.<br />
<br />
Follow these steps -<br />
<br />
* '''with the person lying on their back''', kneel on the floor at their side,<br />
* '''place the arm nearest you at a right angle to their body''' with their hand upwards, towards the head,<br />
* '''tuck their other hand under the side of their head''', so that the back of their hand is touching their cheek,<br />
* '''bend the knee farthest from you to a right angle''',<br />
* '''carefully roll the person onto their side''' by pulling on the bent knee,<br />
* '''the top arm should be supporting the head''' and the bottom arm will stop you rolling them too far,<br />
* '''open their airway''' by gently tilting their head back and lifting their chin, and check that nothing is blocking their airway,<br />
* '''stay with the person''' and monitor their condition until help arrives <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=A_to_Z_of_drugs&diff=737A to Z of drugs2018-07-06T20:53:17Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| <!-- class=wikitable --><br />
|-<br />
|'''Illegal'''<br />
|'''Category's'''<br />
|'''Legal'''<br />
|'''Prescription only'''<br />
|'''Substitute'''<br />
|'''Others'''<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Amphetamines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anaesthetics]]<br />
|* [[Alcohol]]<br />
|* [[Alprazolam]]<br />
|* [[Buprenorphine]]<br />
|* [[DNP]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[AMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Analgesics]]<br />
|* [[Betel nut]]<br />
|* [[Citalopram]]<br />
|* [[Methadone]]<br />
|* [[Flumazenil]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Anabolic Steroids]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anticonvulsants]]<br />
|* [[Caffeine]]<br />
|* [[Codeine]]<br />
|* [[Naltrexone]]<br />
|* [[Naxolone]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Benzodiazepines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Antidepressants]]<br />
|* [[Paracetamol]]<br />
|* [[Dextroamphetamine]]<br />
|* [[Suboxone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[BZP]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anxiolytics]]<br />
|* [[Tobacco]]<br />
|* [[Diazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Marijuana|Cannabis]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Appetite suppressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Fentanyl]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Carfentanil]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Depressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Gabapentin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Cocaine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Diuretics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydrocodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dagga]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Entactogens]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydromorphone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Gabapentinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Methylphenidate]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DOB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hallucinogenics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Mirtazapine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DXM]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hypnotics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Morphine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Inhalants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Oxycodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[GBL / GHB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Muscle relaxants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Phenobarbital]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Heroin]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Pregabalin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Inhalants]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychedelics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Temazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ketamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychoactives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Tramadol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Khat]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Sedatives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Zopiclone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Kratom]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Stimulants]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[LSD]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Synthetic hormones]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mandrax]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Marijuana]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[mCPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDAI]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDEA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy|!MDMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mephedrone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mescaline]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methamphetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methylone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine|MXE]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mushrooms]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[New psychoactive substances]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrites]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrous oxide]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[NRG-1]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Opium]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine|PCP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phenazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Piperazines]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[PMMA/PMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Psilocybin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Rohypnol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Salvia divinorum]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic cannabinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[TFMPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[U-47700]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[25I N-BOMe]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[5-MeO Group]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[6-APB & 5-APB ('Benzofury')]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=A_to_Z_of_drugs&diff=736A to Z of drugs2018-07-06T20:49:01Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{| <!-- class=wikitable --><br />
|-<br />
|'''Illegal'''<br />
|'''Category's'''<br />
|'''Legal'''<br />
|'''Prescription only'''<br />
|'''Substitute'''<br />
|'''Others'''<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Amphetamines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anaesthetics]]<br />
|* [[Alcohol]]<br />
|* [[Alprazolam]]<br />
|* [[Buprenorphine]]<br />
|* [[DNP]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[AMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Analgesics]]<br />
|* [[Betel nut]]<br />
|* [[Citalopram]]<br />
|* [[Methadone]]<br />
|* [[Flumazenil]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Anabolic Steroids]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anticonvulsants]]<br />
|* [[Caffeine]]<br />
|* [[Codeine]]<br />
|* [[Naltrexone]]<br />
|* [[Naxolone]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Benzodiazepines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Antidepressants]]<br />
|* [[Paracetamol]]<br />
|* [[Dextroamphetamine]]<br />
|* [[Suboxone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[BZP]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anxiolytics]]<br />
|* [[Tobacco]]<br />
|* [[Diazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Marijuana|Cannabis]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Appetite suppressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Fentanyl]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Cocaine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Depressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Gabapentin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dagga]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Diuretics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydrocodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Entactogens]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydromorphone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Gabapentinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Methylphenidate]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DOB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hallucinogenics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Mirtazapine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DXM]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hypnotics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Morphine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Inhalants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Oxycodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[GBL / GHB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Muscle relaxants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Phenobarbital]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Heroin]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Pregabalin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Inhalants]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychedelics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Temazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ketamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychoactives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Tramadol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Khat]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Sedatives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Zopiclone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Kratom]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Stimulants]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[LSD]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Synthetic hormones]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mandrax]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Marijuana]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[mCPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDAI]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDEA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy|MDMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mephedrone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mescaline]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methamphetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methylone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine|MXE]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mushrooms]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[New psychoactive substances]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrites]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrous oxide]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[NRG-1]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Opium]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine|PCP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phenazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Piperazines]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[PMMA/PMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Psilocybin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Rohypnol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Salvia divinorum]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic cannabinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[TFMPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[U-47700]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[25I N-BOMe]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[5-MeO Group]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[6-APB & 5-APB ('Benzofury')]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=Carfentanil&diff=735Carfentanil2018-07-06T15:19:42Z<p>Sharon: Created page with "== Also known as == W-18, widnil (the brand name), R-33799 == Classification == Psychoactive <ref name="1a">wedinos, '''Carfentanil''', 2018, http://www.wedinos.org/db/mate..."</p>
<hr />
<div>== Also known as ==<br />
<br />
W-18, widnil (the brand name), R-33799<br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
<br />
Psychoactive <ref name="1a">wedinos, '''Carfentanil''', 2018, http://www.wedinos.org/db/materials/view/172</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Overview == <br />
<br />
Carfentanil is an opioid that is used by veterinarians for very large animals like elephants. It is not for human use. It is approximately 100 times more toxic than fentanyl and 10,000 times more toxic than morphine. This means carfentanil can be deadly in extremely small amounts <ref name="2a">Ottawa Public Health, '''Fentanyl and Carfentanil''', 2018, http://www.ottawapublichealth.ca/en/public-health-topics/fentanyl-and-carfentanil.aspx</ref>. It is easily absorbed through the skin, as well as inhaled, posing a huge risk to anyone who might accidentally come into contact with it. A tiny dose (equivalent to a few grains of table salt) can prove lethal <ref name="3a">Castle Craig Hospital Ltd, '''Carfentanil''', 2018, https://castlecraig.co.uk/resources/drugs/types-of-drugs/opioids-painkillers/carfentanil/</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Medical usage ==<br />
<br />
There is no proven medical use in humans <ref name="4a">Misailidi, N. and Papoutsis, I. and Panagiota, N. and Artemisia, D. and Spiliopoulou, C. and Athanaselis, S., '''Fentanyls continue to replace heroin in the drug arena: the cases of ocfentanil and carfentanil''', ''Forensic Toxicology'', 2018, 36, 11, 12-32, ISSN 1860-8965, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-017-0379-4, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11419-017-0379-4</ref>.<br />
<br />
== What does it look like? ==<br />
<br />
Law enforcement and emergency medical personnel warn that carfentanil sold illicitly looks like other drugs found on the street, including cocaine and heroin, because it is an odorless, white powder. Carfentanil, like fentanyl, has been found cutting heroin in order to increase its potency and the heroin dealer’s supply of the substance <ref name="5a">American Addiction Centers, '''What Is Carfentanil?''', 2018, https://www.recoveryfirst.org/what-is-carfentanil/</ref>.<br />
<br />
Carfentanil base is a white powder and has also been identified in seized white, pink, and brown powders along with other substances. Carfentanil citrate is highly water soluble with no distinguishing odour <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Source ==<br />
<br />
Most of fentanyl analogues including carfentanil are usually manufactured in China and exported from there to all over the world. In October 2016, Associated Press news reported finding 12 Chinese laboratories willing to export carfentanil to the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Belgium, and Australia for the price of US$2750/kg. Until March of 2017, carfentanil was not regulated in China; it was openly and legally manufactured and sold by Chinese companies. The drug can be also found easily online, on the darknet, through related websites in which it is often labeled as a '''research chemical''' and sold through direct mail shipments in prices from US$800 to 2500 per gram. More specifically in 2016, one darknet search engine gave 118 websites selling carfentanil. Because carfentanil is more potent than heroin, its trafficking quantities are significantly less than those of heroin. Therefore, it is easier and cheaper to be smuggled without necessarily being cheap to manufacture <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Prevalence ==<br />
<br />
The National Crime Agency in the UK has issued a warning to drug users that fentanyl and carfentanil have been detected in heroin in North-East England. The drugs have been implicated in recent deaths in Yorkshire, Cleveland and Humber <ref name="3a"/>.<br />
<br />
Carfentanil has been characterised as the most potent, dangerous, and commercially available fentanyl analogue. It has been also used as a chemical weapon, making it a very serious hazard to public safety. It has been reported through seizures, intoxication cases, and illicit drug trafficking in Europe, Asia, the USA, and Australia <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
== What are the different forms? ==<br />
<br />
It is exported from China in a powdered and tablet form, but it also comes in many other forms such as blotter papers, patches, and sprays <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Pharmacology ==<br />
<br />
Carfentanil acts primarily on the mu (some kappa and delta) opioid receptors as an agonist. It will induce similar effects of analgesia as other opioids, however, due to its potency, it will also induce strong side effects such as sedation. Consequently, that is why it is used as a tranquillizer for large animals. Carfentanil interacts predominately with the opioid mu-receptor. These mu-binding sites are discretely distributed in the brain, spinal cord, and other tissues. It exerts its principal pharmacologic effects on the central nervous system. Its primary actions of therapeutic value are analgesia and sedation. Carfentanil also depresses the respiratory centres, the cough reflex, and constricts the pupils <ref name="6a">pubchem, '''Carfentanil''', 2018, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/carfentanil</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Absorption ===<br />
<br />
In some cases, it has been accidentally absorbed through the skin, inhaled, or ingested <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Half-life ===<br />
<br />
Carfentanil's plasma half-life was calculated and found to be 51.4 (±16.2) and 41.8 (±17.5) minutes for cocaine users and non-drug using controls, respectively. As there were not any significant differences in its half-life among the two groups, they concluded that these differences are most likely pharmacodynamically based <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Effects ==<br />
<br />
Because of carfentanil's potency, the effects on the human body and brain are very rapid <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
Carfentanil rapidly binds to opioid receptors in the brain, overwhelming neural chemistry and leading to overdose symptoms almost immediately. These sensations are caused by elevated dopamine levels and a reduced ability for the opioid receptors to absorb this neurotransmitter due to the presence of the narcotic. These receptors also control breathing rate, which is why opioid overdoses are typically characterized by depressed, irregular, or stopped breathing <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Toxicity ===<br />
<br />
Exposure to carfentanil produces signs and symptoms very similar to those of opioid toxicity and<br />
overdose -<br />
<br />
* pinpoint (constricted) pupils,<br />
* dizziness, lethargy, sedation,<br />
* shallow breathing (respiratory depression),<br />
* loss of consciousness,<br />
* nausea, vomiting,<br />
* heart failure, weak or absent pulse,<br />
* cold, clammy skin,<br />
* cardiac arrest,<br />
* death <ref name="3a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Overdose ===<br />
<br />
The Drug Enforcement Administration issued a warning in September 2016 about carfentanil, which included a disclaimer that overdose symptoms could begin within minutes of exposure to the powerful narcotic <ref name="5a"/>>. The DEA warned that a person experiencing these symptoms should seek immediate medical attention -<br />
<br />
* sudden drowsiness,<br />
* slowed or depressed breathing,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* sedation,<br />
* pinpoint pupils,<br />
* clammy skin <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
Because these symptoms can appear very shortly after exposure to carfentanil, the DEA recommended<br />
that a dose of naloxone be immediately administered in order to slow down the overdose long enough<br />
for emergency medical services to arrive and treat the individual <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Signs of intoxication ===<br />
<br />
* cold and clammy skin,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* pinpoint pupils,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* lethargy,<br />
* sedation,<br />
* sudden drowsiness,<br />
* respiratory disorders,<br />
* possible heart failure, and<br />
* weak pulse <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
The DEA advised that anyone experiencing any of the mentioned symptoms should immediately seek<br />
medical care. The mentioned symptoms are dose dependent. High doses can lead to severe intoxications<br />
and consequently to death <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Strength ==<br />
<br />
It is approximately 100 times more toxic than fentanyl and 10,000 times more toxic than morphine.<br />
This means carfentanil can be deadly in extremely small amounts <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Purity ==<br />
<br />
Carfentanil is being cut in to other illicit drugs like heroin and counterfeit pills made to look<br />
like prescription opiods (including green pills stamped 'CDN' on one side and '80' on the other).<br />
There is no easy way to know if carfentanil is in your drugs, you can't see it, smell it or taste<br />
it. It is extremely toxic and a very small amount can cause an overdose, or even death <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Legality ==<br />
<br />
Carfentanil is one of the most dangerous fentanyl analogues to come into the drug market in recent<br />
years. As a result, there is an undeniable need for the safety of the public for it to be regulated<br />
in order to minimize the potential of an imminent health hazard as much as possible. The drug is not<br />
scheduled as of now under the 1961 United Nations Convention, but it is a controlled substance in<br />
many countries in Europe, as well as the United States, Canada, Australia, and China.<br />
<br />
In Czech Republic, carfentanil is regulated under the Government regulation concerning lists of<br />
drugs issued on December 18, 2013. Carfentanil was included in Annex 1 of Danish Executive Order<br />
Number 557 of 31 May 2011, which came in force on November 24, 2016; the drug was included on the B<br />
List, and it can be used only for medical and scientific purposes. In the United Kingdom carfentanil<br />
is controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.<br />
<br />
In the United States, the DEA classifies carfentanil as a Schedule II substance according to the<br />
Federal Controlled Substances Act issued on October 28, 1988. On September 29, 2016 the Department<br />
of Health in Pennsylvania issued the placement of carfentanil in Schedule II under the Controlled<br />
Substance, Drug, Device, and Cosmetic Act.<br />
<br />
In Canada, carfentanil is a Schedule I substance under Canada's Controlled Drugs and Substances Act,<br />
which was last amended on May 18, 2017.<br />
<br />
In Australia, carfentanil has been included in the Poisons Standard in June 2017, by the Australian<br />
Department of Health. It has been clarified as a schedule 8 poison, and legal restrictions apply to<br />
its manufacture, supply, distribution, possession, and any type of abuse, physiological misuse, or<br />
physical dependence.<br />
<br />
China started to discuss scheduling carfentanil 4 months after the Associated Press discovered 12 Chinese laboratories willing to export carfentanil to the United States, Canada, and Europe in October 2016. The scheduling came into force in March 2017 when it was added to the list regulated by the "Administrative Measures on Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances without Medical Use" <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Legal Status ===<br />
<br />
Class A <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== What if you're caught? ===<br />
<br />
* Penalty for possession - Up to seven years in prison and/or an unlimited fine.<br />
* Penalty for dealing - Up to life in prison and/or an unlimited fine <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Mixing with other drugs ==<br />
<br />
Carfentanil is often used to adulterate heroin, cocaine, and fentanyl. In some other cases, it is labeled and sold as heroin. In Cincinnati, OH, a new drug appeared in 2016 under the street name of '''gray death'''. It looks like cement and often contains cocaine, heroin, fentanyl, carfentanil, furanylfentanyl, and acrylfentanyl. Carfentanil has also been identified in mixtures along with caffeine, antihistamines, furanylfentanyl, or acrylfentanyl, while in some other cases it has been found to be laced with ketamine. Unconfirmed reports of marijuana laced with carfentanil have been found in northeast Ohio and Canada. Furthermore, the drug has been found in counterfeit pills. The DEA reported that carfentanil had shown up in counterfeit prescription pills sold as OxyContin and Xanax <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Carfentanil is the most potent of the commercially available fentanyl analogues. It was synthesised in 1974 by a group of chemists at Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and since then it has been used in veterinary medicine as a tranquillizer for the sedation of large animals. Carfentanil has been pharmacologically studied mostly in animals, but also in humans. Some evidence suggests that it has been used as a chemical weapon by the Russian military, while attempting to subdue a terrorist siege of the Moscow Theatre <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
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* README FIRST<br />
** README_FIRST#2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)|2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)<br />
** README_FIRST#Alcohol|Alcohol<br />
** README_FIRST#Amphetamines|Amphetamines<br />
** README_FIRST#AMT|AMT<br />
** README_FIRST#Anabolic steroids|Anabolic steroids<br />
** README_FIRST#Benzodiazepines|Benzodiazepines<br />
** README_FIRST#Betel nut|Betel nut<br />
** README_FIRST#Buprenorphine|Buprenorphine<br />
** README_FIRST#BZP|BZP<br />
** README_FIRST#Caffeine|Caffeine<br />
** README_FIRST#Citalopram|Citalopram<br />
** README_FIRST#Cocaine|Cocaine<br />
** README_FIRST#Codeine|Codeine<br />
** README_FIRST#Dimethyltryptamine|Dimethyltryptamine<br />
** README_FIRST#DXM|DXM<br />
** README_FIRST#Ecstasy|Ecstasy<br />
** README_FIRST#Gabapentin|Gabapentin<br />
** README_FIRST#GBL/GHB|GBL/GHB<br />
** README_FIRST#Heroin|Heroin<br />
** README_FIRST#Hydromorphone|Hydromorphone<br />
** README_FIRST#Inhalants|Inhalants<br />
** README_FIRST#Ketamine|Ketamine<br />
** README_FIRST#Khat|Khat<br />
** README_FIRST#Kratom|Kratom<br />
** README_FIRST#LSD|LSD<br />
** README_FIRST#Marijuana|Marijuana<br />
** README_FIRST#mCPP|mCPP<br />
** README_FIRST#MDA|MDA<br />
** README_FIRST#Mephedrone|Mephedrone<br />
** README_FIRST#Mescaline|Mescaline<br />
** README_FIRST#Methadone|Methadone<br />
** README_FIRST#Methamphetamine|Methamphetamine<br />
** README_FIRST#Methoxetamine|Methoxetamine<br />
** README_FIRST#Methylone|Methylone<br />
** README_FIRST#Methylphenidate|Methylphenidate<br />
** README_FIRST#Morphine|Morphine<br />
** README_FIRST#Naltrexone|Naltrexone<br />
** README_FIRST#New psychoactive substances|New psychoactive substances<br />
** README_FIRST#Nitrites|Nitrites<br />
** README_FIRST#Nitrous oxide|Nitrous oxide<br />
** README_FIRST#NRG-1|NRG-1<br />
** README_FIRST#Opium|Opium<br />
** README_FIRST#Oxycodone|Oxycodone<br />
** README_FIRST#Phenazepam|Phenazepam<br />
** README_FIRST#Phencyclidine|Phencyclidine<br />
** README_FIRST#Piperazines|Piperazines<br />
** README_FIRST#PMMA/PMA|PMMA/PMA<br />
** README_FIRST#Psilocybin|Psilocybin<br />
** README_FIRST#Rohypnol|Rohypnol<br />
** README_FIRST#Salvia divinorum|Salvia divinorum<br />
** README_FIRST#Suboxone|Suboxone<br />
** README_FIRST#Synthetic cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids<br />
** README_FIRST#TFMPP|TFMPP<br />
** README_FIRST#Tobacco|Tobacco<br />
** README_FIRST#Tramadol|Tramadol<br />
** README_FIRST#Zopiclone|Zopiclone<br />
* In depth<br />
** Bongs|Bongs<br />
** Serotonin syndrome|Serotonin syndrome<br />
** Trips|Trips<br />
* Categories<br />
** :Category:Anaesthetics|Anaesthetics<br />
** :Category:Analgesics|Analgesics<br />
** :Category:Anticonvulsants|Anticonvulsants<br />
** :Category:Antidepressants|Antidepressants<br />
** :Category:Anxiolytics|Anxiolytics<br />
** :Category:Appetite suppressants|Appetite suppressants<br />
** :Category:Depressants|Depressants<br />
** :Category:Diuretics|Diuretics<br />
** :Category:Entactogens|Entactogens<br />
** :Category:Gabapentinoids|Gabapentinoids<br />
** :Category:Hallucinogenics|Hallucinogenics<br />
** :Category:Hypnotics|Hypnotics<br />
** :Category:Inhalants|Inhalants<br />
** :Category:Muscle relaxants|Muscle relaxants<br />
** :Category:Opioids|Opioids<br />
** :Category:Psychedelics|Psychedelics<br />
** :Category:Psychoactives|Psychoactives<br />
** :Category:Sedatives|Sedatives<br />
** :Category:Stimulants|Stimulants<br />
** :Category:Synthetic hormones|Synthetic hormones</div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Sidebar&diff=732MediaWiki:Sidebar2018-07-05T14:20:01Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>* Pages<br />
** A to Z of drugs|A to Z of drugs<br />
** Illegal|Illegal<br />
** Legal|Legal<br />
** Substitute drugs|Substitute drugs<br />
** Other drugs|Other drugs<br />
** Prescription only|Prescription only<br />
** README FIRST|README FIRST<br />
** In Depth|In Depth<br />
* Illegal<br />
** Amphetamines|Amphetamines<br />
** AMT|AMT<br />
** Anabolic Steroids|Anabolic Steroids<br />
** Benzodiazepines|Benzodiazepines<br />
** BZP|BZP<br />
** Marijuana|Cannabis<br />
** Cocaine|Cocaine<br />
** Dagga|Dagga<br />
** Dimethyltryptamine|Dimethyltryptamine<br />
** DMT|DMT<br />
** DOB|DOB<br />
** DXM|DXM<br />
** Ecstasy|Ecstasy<br />
** GBL_/_GHB|GBL/GHB<br />
** Heroin|Heroin<br />
** Inhalants|Inhalants<br />
** Ketamine|Ketamine<br />
** Khat|Khat<br />
** Kratom|Kratom<br />
** LSD|LSD<br />
** Mandrax|Mandrax<br />
** Marijuana|Marijuana<br />
** mCPP|mCPP<br />
** MDA|MDA<br />
** MDAI|MDAI<br />
** MDEA|MDEA<br />
** MDMA|MDMA<br />
** Mephedrone|Mephedrone<br />
** Mescaline|Mescaline<br />
** Methamphetamine|Methamphetamine<br />
** Methoxetamine|Methoxetamine<br />
** Methylone|Methylone<br />
** Methoxetamine|MXE<br />
** New psychoactive substances|New psychoactive substances<br />
** Nitrites|Nitrites<br />
** Nitrous oxide|Nitrous oxide<br />
** NRG-1|NRG-1<br />
** Opium|Opium<br />
** Phencyclidine|PCP<br />
** Phenazepam|Phenazepam<br />
** Phencyclidine|Phencyclidine<br />
** Piperazines|Piperazines<br />
** PMMA/PMA!PMMA/PMA<br />
** Psilocybin|Psilocybin<br />
** Rohypnol|Rohypnol<br />
** Salvia divinorum|Salvia divinorum<br />
** Synthetic cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids<br />
** Synthetic opioids|Synthetic opioids<br />
** TFMPP|TFMPP<br />
** U-47700|U-47700<br />
** 25I N-BOMe|25I N-BOme<br />
** 2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)|2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs) <br />
** 5-MeO Group|5-Meo Group<br />
** 6-APB & 5-APB ('Benzofury')|6-APB & 5-APB ('Benzofury')<br />
* Legal<br />
** Alcohol|Alcohol<br />
** Betel nut|Betel nut<br />
** Caffeine|Caffeine<br />
** Paracetamol|Paracetamol<br />
** Tobacco|Tobacco<br />
* Prescription only<br />
** Alprazolam|Alprazolam<br />
** Citalopram|Citalopram<br />
** Codeine|Codeine<br />
** Dexamphetamine|Dexamphetamine<br />
** Dextroamphetamine|Dextroamphetamine<br />
** Diazepam|Diazepam<br />
** Fentanyl|Fentanyl<br />
** Gabapentin|Gabapentin<br />
** Hydrocodone|Hydrocodone<br />
** Hydromorphone|Hydromorphone<br />
** Methylphenidate|Methylphenidate<br />
** Mirtazapine|Mirtazapine<br />
** Morphine|Morphine<br />
** Oxycodone|Oxycodone<br />
** Phenobarbital|Phenobarbital<br />
** Pregabalin|Pregabalin<br />
** Temazepam|Temazepam<br />
** Tramadol|Tramadol<br />
** Zopiclone|Zopiclone<br />
* Substitution<br />
** Buprenorphine|Buprenorphine<br />
** Methadone|Methadone<br />
** Naltrexone|Naltrexone<br />
** Suboxone|Suboxone<br />
* Other drugs<br />
** DNP|DNP<br />
** Flumazenil|Flumazenil<br />
** Naxolone|Naxolone<br />
* README FIRST<br />
** README_FIRST#2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)|2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)<br />
** README_FIRST#Alcohol|Alcohol<br />
** README_FIRST#Amphetamines|Amphetamines<br />
** README_FIRST#AMT|AMT<br />
** README_FIRST#Anabolic steroids|Anabolic steroids<br />
** README_FIRST#Benzodiazepines|Benzodiazepines<br />
** README_FIRST#Betel nut|Betel nut<br />
** README_FIRST#Buprenorphine|Buprenorphine<br />
** README_FIRST#BZP|BZP<br />
** README_FIRST#Caffeine|Caffeine<br />
** README_FIRST#Citalopram|Citalopram<br />
** README_FIRST#Cocaine|Cocaine<br />
** README_FIRST#Codeine|Codeine<br />
** README_FIRST#Dimethyltryptamine|Dimethyltryptamine<br />
** README_FIRST#DXM|DXM<br />
** README_FIRST#Ecstasy|Ecstasy<br />
** README_FIRST#Gabapentin|Gabapentin<br />
** README_FIRST#GBL/GHB|GBL/GHB<br />
** README_FIRST#Heroin|Heroin<br />
** README_FIRST#Hydromorphone|Hydromorphone<br />
** README_FIRST#Inhalants|Inhalants<br />
** README_FIRST#Ketamine|Ketamine<br />
** README_FIRST#Khat|Khat<br />
** README_FIRST#Kratom|Kratom<br />
** README_FIRST#LSD|LSD<br />
** README_FIRST#Marijuana|Marijuana<br />
** README_FIRST#mCPP|mCPP<br />
** README_FIRST#MDA|MDA<br />
** README_FIRST#Mephedrone|Mephedrone<br />
** README_FIRST#Mescaline|Mescaline<br />
** README_FIRST#Methadone|Methadone<br />
** README_FIRST#Methamphetamine|Methamphetamine<br />
** README_FIRST#Methoxetamine|Methoxetamine<br />
** README_FIRST#Methylone|Methylone<br />
** README_FIRST#Methylphenidate|Methylphenidate<br />
** README_FIRST#Morphine|Morphine<br />
** README_FIRST#Naltrexone|Naltrexone<br />
** README_FIRST#New psychoactive substances|New psychoactive substances<br />
** README_FIRST#Nitrites|Nitrites<br />
** README_FIRST#Nitrous oxide|Nitrous oxide<br />
** README_FIRST#NRG-1|NRG-1<br />
** README_FIRST#Opium|Opium<br />
** README_FIRST#Oxycodone|Oxycodone<br />
** README_FIRST#Phenazepam|Phenazepam<br />
** README_FIRST#Phencyclidine|Phencyclidine<br />
** README_FIRST#Piperazines|Piperazines<br />
** README_FIRST#PMMA/PMA|PMMA/PMA<br />
** README_FIRST#Psilocybin|Psilocybin<br />
** README_FIRST#Rohypnol|Rohypnol<br />
** README_FIRST#Salvia divinorum|Salvia divinorum<br />
** README_FIRST#Suboxone|Suboxone<br />
** README_FIRST#Synthetic cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids<br />
** README_FIRST#TFMPP|TFMPP<br />
** README_FIRST#Tobacco|Tobacco<br />
** README_FIRST#Tramadol|Tramadol<br />
** README_FIRST#Zopiclone|Zopiclone<br />
* In depth<br />
** Bongs|Bongs<br />
** Serotonin syndrome|Serotonin syndrome<br />
** Trips|Trips<br />
* Categories<br />
** :Category:Anaesthetics|Anaesthetics<br />
** :Category:Analgesics|Analgesics<br />
** :Category:Anticonvulsants|Anticonvulsants<br />
** :Category:Antidepressants|Antidepressants<br />
** :Category:Anxiolytics|Anxiolytics<br />
** :Category:Appetite suppressants|Appetite suppressants<br />
** :Category:Depressants|Depressants<br />
** :Category:Diuretics|Diuretics<br />
** :Category:Entactogens|Entactogens<br />
** :Category:Gabapentinoids|Gabapentinoids<br />
** :Category:Hallucinogenics|Hallucinogenics<br />
** :Category:Hypnotics|Hypnotics<br />
** :Category:Inhalants|Inhalants<br />
** :Category:Muscle relaxants|Muscle relaxants<br />
** :Category:Opioids|Opioids<br />
** :Category:Psychedelics|Psychedelics<br />
** :Category:Psychoactives|Psychoactives<br />
** :Category:Sedatives|Sedatives<br />
** :Category:Stimulants|Stimulants<br />
** :Category:Synthetic hormones|Synthetic hormones</div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Sidebar&diff=731MediaWiki:Sidebar2018-07-05T14:18:48Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>* Pages<br />
** A to Z of drugs|A to Z of drugs<br />
** Illegal|Illegal<br />
** Legal|Legal<br />
** Substitute drugs|Substitute drugs<br />
** Other drugs|Others<br />
** Prescription only|Prescription only<br />
** README FIRST|README FIRST<br />
** In Depth|In Depth<br />
* Illegal<br />
** Amphetamines|Amphetamines<br />
** AMT|AMT<br />
** Anabolic Steroids|Anabolic Steroids<br />
** Benzodiazepines|Benzodiazepines<br />
** BZP|BZP<br />
** Marijuana|Cannabis<br />
** Cocaine|Cocaine<br />
** Dagga|Dagga<br />
** Dimethyltryptamine|Dimethyltryptamine<br />
** DMT|DMT<br />
** DOB|DOB<br />
** DXM|DXM<br />
** Ecstasy|Ecstasy<br />
** GBL_/_GHB|GBL/GHB<br />
** Heroin|Heroin<br />
** Inhalants|Inhalants<br />
** Ketamine|Ketamine<br />
** Khat|Khat<br />
** Kratom|Kratom<br />
** LSD|LSD<br />
** Mandrax|Mandrax<br />
** Marijuana|Marijuana<br />
** mCPP|mCPP<br />
** MDA|MDA<br />
** MDAI|MDAI<br />
** MDEA|MDEA<br />
** MDMA|MDMA<br />
** Mephedrone|Mephedrone<br />
** Mescaline|Mescaline<br />
** Methamphetamine|Methamphetamine<br />
** Methoxetamine|Methoxetamine<br />
** Methylone|Methylone<br />
** Methoxetamine|MXE<br />
** New psychoactive substances|New psychoactive substances<br />
** Nitrites|Nitrites<br />
** Nitrous oxide|Nitrous oxide<br />
** NRG-1|NRG-1<br />
** Opium|Opium<br />
** Phencyclidine|PCP<br />
** Phenazepam|Phenazepam<br />
** Phencyclidine|Phencyclidine<br />
** Piperazines|Piperazines<br />
** PMMA/PMA!PMMA/PMA<br />
** Psilocybin|Psilocybin<br />
** Rohypnol|Rohypnol<br />
** Salvia divinorum|Salvia divinorum<br />
** Synthetic cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids<br />
** Synthetic opioids|Synthetic opioids<br />
** TFMPP|TFMPP<br />
** U-47700|U-47700<br />
** 25I N-BOMe|25I N-BOme<br />
** 2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)|2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs) <br />
** 5-MeO Group|5-Meo Group<br />
** 6-APB & 5-APB ('Benzofury')|6-APB & 5-APB ('Benzofury')<br />
* Legal<br />
** Alcohol|Alcohol<br />
** Betel nut|Betel nut<br />
** Caffeine|Caffeine<br />
** Paracetamol|Paracetamol<br />
** Tobacco|Tobacco<br />
* Prescription only<br />
** Alprazolam|Alprazolam<br />
** Citalopram|Citalopram<br />
** Codeine|Codeine<br />
** Dexamphetamine|Dexamphetamine<br />
** Dextroamphetamine|Dextroamphetamine<br />
** Diazepam|Diazepam<br />
** Fentanyl|Fentanyl<br />
** Gabapentin|Gabapentin<br />
** Hydrocodone|Hydrocodone<br />
** Hydromorphone|Hydromorphone<br />
** Methylphenidate|Methylphenidate<br />
** Mirtazapine|Mirtazapine<br />
** Morphine|Morphine<br />
** Oxycodone|Oxycodone<br />
** Phenobarbital|Phenobarbital<br />
** Pregabalin|Pregabalin<br />
** Temazepam|Temazepam<br />
** Tramadol|Tramadol<br />
** Zopiclone|Zopiclone<br />
* Substitution<br />
** Buprenorphine|Buprenorphine<br />
** Methadone|Methadone<br />
** Naltrexone|Naltrexone<br />
** Suboxone|Suboxone<br />
* Other drugs<br />
** DNP|DNP<br />
** Flumazenil|Flumazenil<br />
** Naxolone|Naxolone<br />
* README FIRST<br />
** README_FIRST#2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)|2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)<br />
** README_FIRST#Alcohol|Alcohol<br />
** README_FIRST#Amphetamines|Amphetamines<br />
** README_FIRST#AMT|AMT<br />
** README_FIRST#Anabolic steroids|Anabolic steroids<br />
** README_FIRST#Benzodiazepines|Benzodiazepines<br />
** README_FIRST#Betel nut|Betel nut<br />
** README_FIRST#Buprenorphine|Buprenorphine<br />
** README_FIRST#BZP|BZP<br />
** README_FIRST#Caffeine|Caffeine<br />
** README_FIRST#Citalopram|Citalopram<br />
** README_FIRST#Cocaine|Cocaine<br />
** README_FIRST#Codeine|Codeine<br />
** README_FIRST#Dimethyltryptamine|Dimethyltryptamine<br />
** README_FIRST#DXM|DXM<br />
** README_FIRST#Ecstasy|Ecstasy<br />
** README_FIRST#Gabapentin|Gabapentin<br />
** README_FIRST#GBL/GHB|GBL/GHB<br />
** README_FIRST#Heroin|Heroin<br />
** README_FIRST#Hydromorphone|Hydromorphone<br />
** README_FIRST#Inhalants|Inhalants<br />
** README_FIRST#Ketamine|Ketamine<br />
** README_FIRST#Khat|Khat<br />
** README_FIRST#Kratom|Kratom<br />
** README_FIRST#LSD|LSD<br />
** README_FIRST#Marijuana|Marijuana<br />
** README_FIRST#mCPP|mCPP<br />
** README_FIRST#MDA|MDA<br />
** README_FIRST#Mephedrone|Mephedrone<br />
** README_FIRST#Mescaline|Mescaline<br />
** README_FIRST#Methadone|Methadone<br />
** README_FIRST#Methamphetamine|Methamphetamine<br />
** README_FIRST#Methoxetamine|Methoxetamine<br />
** README_FIRST#Methylone|Methylone<br />
** README_FIRST#Methylphenidate|Methylphenidate<br />
** README_FIRST#Morphine|Morphine<br />
** README_FIRST#Naltrexone|Naltrexone<br />
** README_FIRST#New psychoactive substances|New psychoactive substances<br />
** README_FIRST#Nitrites|Nitrites<br />
** README_FIRST#Nitrous oxide|Nitrous oxide<br />
** README_FIRST#NRG-1|NRG-1<br />
** README_FIRST#Opium|Opium<br />
** README_FIRST#Oxycodone|Oxycodone<br />
** README_FIRST#Phenazepam|Phenazepam<br />
** README_FIRST#Phencyclidine|Phencyclidine<br />
** README_FIRST#Piperazines|Piperazines<br />
** README_FIRST#PMMA/PMA|PMMA/PMA<br />
** README_FIRST#Psilocybin|Psilocybin<br />
** README_FIRST#Rohypnol|Rohypnol<br />
** README_FIRST#Salvia divinorum|Salvia divinorum<br />
** README_FIRST#Suboxone|Suboxone<br />
** README_FIRST#Synthetic cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids<br />
** README_FIRST#TFMPP|TFMPP<br />
** README_FIRST#Tobacco|Tobacco<br />
** README_FIRST#Tramadol|Tramadol<br />
** README_FIRST#Zopiclone|Zopiclone<br />
* In depth<br />
** Bongs|Bongs<br />
** Serotonin syndrome|Serotonin syndrome<br />
** Trips|Trips<br />
* Categories<br />
** :Category:Anaesthetics|Anaesthetics<br />
** :Category:Analgesics|Analgesics<br />
** :Category:Anticonvulsants|Anticonvulsants<br />
** :Category:Antidepressants|Antidepressants<br />
** :Category:Anxiolytics|Anxiolytics<br />
** :Category:Appetite suppressants|Appetite suppressants<br />
** :Category:Depressants|Depressants<br />
** :Category:Diuretics|Diuretics<br />
** :Category:Entactogens|Entactogens<br />
** :Category:Gabapentinoids|Gabapentinoids<br />
** :Category:Hallucinogenics|Hallucinogenics<br />
** :Category:Hypnotics|Hypnotics<br />
** :Category:Inhalants|Inhalants<br />
** :Category:Muscle relaxants|Muscle relaxants<br />
** :Category:Opioids|Opioids<br />
** :Category:Psychedelics|Psychedelics<br />
** :Category:Psychoactives|Psychoactives<br />
** :Category:Sedatives|Sedatives<br />
** :Category:Stimulants|Stimulants<br />
** :Category:Synthetic hormones|Synthetic hormones</div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=Others&diff=730Others2018-07-05T14:11:13Z<p>Sharon: Created page with "__NOTOC__ * DNP * Flumazenil * Naxolone"</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
* [[#DNP|DNP]]<br />
* [[#Flumazenil|Flumazenil]]<br />
* [[#Naxolone|Naxolone]]</div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=Lipolysis&diff=729Lipolysis2018-07-05T13:57:19Z<p>Sharon: Created page with "A non-surgical treatment which breaks down fat cells and these cells are then excreted by the body."</p>
<hr />
<div>A non-surgical treatment which breaks down fat cells and these cells are then excreted by the body.</div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=A_to_Z_of_drugs&diff=728A to Z of drugs2018-07-05T13:55:45Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| <!-- class=wikitable --><br />
|-<br />
|'''Illegal'''<br />
|'''Category's'''<br />
|'''Legal'''<br />
|'''Prescription only'''<br />
|'''Substitute'''<br />
|'''Others'''<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Amphetamines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anaesthetics]]<br />
|* [[Alcohol]]<br />
|* [[Alprazolam]]<br />
|* [[Buprenorphine]]<br />
|* [[DNP]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[AMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Analgesics]]<br />
|* [[Betel nut]]<br />
|* [[Citalopram]]<br />
|* [[Methadone]]<br />
|* [[Flumazenil]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Anabolic Steroids]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anticonvulsants]]<br />
|* [[Caffeine]]<br />
|* [[Codeine]]<br />
|* [[Naltrexone]]<br />
|* [[Naxolone]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Benzodiazepines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Antidepressants]]<br />
|* [[Paracetamol]]<br />
|* [[Dextroamphetamine]]<br />
|* [[Suboxone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[BZP]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anxiolytics]]<br />
|* [[Tobacco]]<br />
|* [[Diazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||* [[Marijuana|Cannabis]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Appetite suppressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Fentanyl]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Cocaine]]<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=DNP&diff=727DNP2018-07-05T13:50:49Z<p>Sharon: Created page with "== Also known as == 2,4-Dinitrophenol, dinitro, nitrophen, dinosan, dnoc, solfo black, aldifen and chemox. == Overview == 2,4-Dinitrophenol, otherwise referred to as DNP, i..."</p>
<hr />
<div>== Also known as ==<br />
<br />
2,4-Dinitrophenol, dinitro, nitrophen, dinosan, dnoc, solfo black, aldifen and chemox.<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
2,4-Dinitrophenol, otherwise referred to as DNP, is an active compound that essentially disrupts<br />
normal cellular respiration <ref name="7a">instantknockout, '''Is DNP Safe?: The Side Effects''', 2016, https://www.instantknockout.com/ik/is-dnp-safe-side-effects/</ref>. DNP, or 2,4-Dinitrophenol, is a biochemically active organic compound that is capable of hindering cellular ATP production.<br />
<br />
== Medical usage ==<br />
<br />
Due to the very severe side-effects, which includes death, there are no medical usages.<br />
<br />
== Other than medical usage ==<br />
<br />
It is considered an industrial chemical. DNP is used in developing photography, killing fungi, and<br />
as an industrial pesticide. So while it does work well at burning fat, you're ingesting an<br />
industrial poison to do so, and that is no hyperbole <ref name="1a">Chaiet, D., '''DNP (2,4-Dinitrophenol)''', 2017, https://www.steroidal.com/fat-loss-agents/dnp-24-dinitrophenol/</ref>.<br />
<br />
== What does it look like? ==<br />
<br />
The chemical is a yellow crystalline powder that has a sweet, musty odour and is soluble in water.<br />
The dose of DNP per capsule varies from website to website but it is most commonly sold as either<br />
100mg or 200mg capsules <ref name="2a">Grundlingh, J. and Dargan, P.I. and El-Zanfaly, M. and Wood, D.M., '''2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP): a weight loss agent with significant acute toxicity and risk of death''', ''Journal of Medical Toxicology'', 2011, 7, 3, 205-212, 10.1007/s13181-011-0162-6, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3550200/</ref><br />
<br />
== Source ==<br />
<br />
Nowadays, DNP is sold mostly over the internet under a number of different names, see ''Also known as''. The dose of DNP per capsule varies<br />
from website to website but it is most commonly sold as either 100mg or 200mg capsules. Some<br />
internet sites have DNP available in bulk quantities, allowing users to purchase kilograms of DNP<br />
powder or hundreds/thousands of DNP-containing tablets, as well as offering free anabolic steroids<br />
and thyroxine to use in combination with the DNP <ref name="3a">BuyDinitrophenol.com, '''Buy Dinitrophenol''', 2011, http://www.buydinitrophenol.com/, NB The site is no longer available</ref>, <ref name="4a">BuyBestAnabolicSteroids.com, '''Welcome to BuyBestAnabolicSteroids.com''', 2011, http://www.buybestanabolicsteroids.com/</ref>.<br />
<br />
Websites often offer some advice for users around the use of DNP, although this is often targeted<br />
towards bodybuilders rather than for generic weight loss. A typical regimen would include starting<br />
with one capsule of DNP for the first few days followed by increasing doses to a recommended maximum<br />
of 400 mg/day, which is then used for up to 2 weeks in duration <ref name="3a"/>, <ref name="4a"/>. These regimens may also<br />
include the use of anabolic steroids and/or thyroxine to increase muscle bulk. There is also the<br />
suggestion that 'crystalline' DNP is more potent than 'regular' DNP and therefore users should<br />
ensure they are aware of which type they are using and additionally, should limit the dose of<br />
crystalline DNP to no more than 200 mg/day. These websites additionally describe the potential<br />
toxicity associated with the use of DNP including the potential for hyperthermia and death. Advice<br />
is provided to users on how to prevent hyperthermia developing, including use of air<br />
conditioning/fans and only exercising in cool areas whilst on the DNP phase of a 'treatment cycle'<br />
and carrying a thermometer to monitor body temperature <ref name="1a"/>. They recommend that should body<br />
temperature rise above 38.9'C/102'F, the user should '''lower the DNP dose, take a very cold bath<br />
and ensure adequate hydration with water and juice-based drinks''' <ref name="5a">Sawer, P. and Mendick, R., '''The deadly trail of the killer slimming drug DNP''', 2013, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/10022925/The-deadly-trail-of-the-killer-slimming-drug-DNP.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Prevalence ==<br />
<br />
DNP is not commonly available. You will not find the compound on any pharmaceutical market in any<br />
country around the world. This is strictly a compound found on the black market, and even then it<br />
can be hard to find. If you do happen to find it, there will be no way to determine if the labelled<br />
strength is accurate. You will also have no way to determine if any other ingredients are in the<br />
compound. This presents another risk when buying DNP. You will find some steroid suppliers who carry<br />
it, but not most, and very few of the generally respected large suppliers will carry the compound<br />
<ref name="6a">steroid.com, '''DNP (2,4-Dinitrophenol)''', 2018, https://www.steroid.com/DNP.php</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Street price ==<br />
<br />
The dnpdnpdnp.com website offered DNP at various prices, with 200mg capsules selling at &euro;160/&pound;134<br />
for 100, and 250g of the powdered form, enough to make 1,150 capsules, for &euro;300/&pound;250 <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Pharmacology ==<br />
<br />
=== Mechanism of action ===<br />
<br />
As previously mentioned, this drug disrupts normal cellular respiration leading to an increase in oxygen consumption and metabolic rate at 11% per 100mg <ref name="19a">Dunlop, D.M., '''The use of 2:4-dinitrophenol as a metabolic stimulant''', ''British Medical Journal'', 1934, 24, 1, 524-527, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2444737/</ref>.<br />
<br />
DNP works via increasing heat production in cells - a process known as uncoupling. This making cells less efficient with energy and at completing respiration of ATP - this our energy currency and we rely on it for all bodily functions.<br />
<br />
Within our cells we have specialized components called mitochondria - these essentially soak up<br />
energy so that we can use it for autonomous functions - DNP doesn't allow this process to occur<br />
effectively. The consequence of this is that metabolic rate - and body heat - increase dramatically causing weight loss.<br />
<br />
There is no question that its effects are effective - with the increase in metabolism of 11% per<br />
100mg come drastic weight loss - some have reported up to 1.5kg of weight per week <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
Chemically, DNP interacts with the body to raise the core temperature to extremely high<br />
temperatures. So in effect, DNP is cooking your insides to such a high degree, it is directly<br />
burning bodyfat and inducing [[lipolysis]], the process in which fat cells are used and expended.<br />
It induces a process called oxidative phosphorylation which means your body breaks down lipids so it<br />
can be converted into chemical energy, but it executes this process is a drastic way. So rather than<br />
it naturally occurring, the DNP expedites the process and forces it to start <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
== How is it taken? ==<br />
<br />
There is no hard data available on dosing DNP because it's been banned for almost a hundred years.<br />
There is no legitimate testing available so most dosage recommendations are the consequence of trial<br />
and error <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Side-Effects ==<br />
<br />
One of the risks of DNP is that it accelerates the metabolism to a dangerously fast level. Our<br />
metabolic system operates at the rate it does for a reason - it is safe. Speeding up the metabolism<br />
may help burn off fat, but it can also trigger a number of potentially dangerous side-effects<br />
<ref name="8a">NHS, '''Warnings issued over deadly DNP diet drug''', 2013, https://www.nhs.uk/news/medication/warnings-issued-over-deadly-dnp-diet-drug</ref>, such as -<br />
<br />
* fever,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* restlessness,<br />
* flushed skin,<br />
* excessive sweating,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* rapid breathing,<br />
* rapid or irregular heartbeat, known as [[tachycardia]] <ref name="8a"/>.<br />
* yellow bodily fluids,<br />
* shortness of breath,<br />
* depletion of [[electrolytes]],<br />
* [[insomnia]],<br />
* increase in appetite,<br />
* shortness of breath,<br />
* decreased insulin production,<br />
* decreased T3 levels,<br />
* yellow skin <ref name="9a">Shaw, S., '''Are Bodybuilders Dying for DNP?''', 2015, https://www.tigerfitness.com/articles/post/are-bodybuilders-dying-for-dnp/</ref>.<br />
<br />
The combination of these side-effects can have an extremely damaging effect on the body and can<br />
result in coma and, especially, death.<br />
<br />
Long-term use can lead to the development of cataracts and skin lesions and may cause damage to the<br />
heart and nervous system. There is also evidence from animal studies that DNP is [[carcinogenic]]<br />
and increases the risk of birth defects <ref name="8a"/>.<br />
<br />
It should be noted that these side-effects are far from mild. Most individuals who take DNP<br />
experience most of these side-effects <ref name="9a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Legality ==<br />
<br />
=== Is it legal? ===<br />
<br />
No. It is illegal to sell DNP as a weight loss drug and doing so could place you at risk of criminal sanctions in the UK <ref name="10a">NHS, '''New warnings issued over deadly DNP diet drug''', 2014, https://www.nhs.uk/news/medication/new-warnings-issued-over-deadly-dnp-diet-drug/</ref>. And in the USA the picture is similar with it being deemed illegal, and it is illegal to purchase and also to distribute at the risk of criminal conviction. It has been an FDA banned drug since 1938 <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== What if you're caught? ===<br />
<br />
UK sellers of DNP can be prosecuted for offences under the ''Food Safety Act 1990'' and potentially more<br />
serious criminal charges. Those selling this dangerous chemical may find themselves serving long<br />
prison sentences <ref name="11a">food.gov, '''2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP)''', 2017, https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/24-dinitrophenol-dnp</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Harm reduction ==<br />
<br />
The risks from taking even small amounts of DNP massively outweigh any benefits you may get. It is<br />
not a long term solution to weight loss, and it's incredibly dangerous and unregulated, avoid it at<br />
all costs <ref name="7a"/>. The UK Food Standards Agency go further and state "DNP is poisonous to<br />
humans" <ref name="12a">FSA, '''Food Standards Agency issues urgent advice on consumption of 'fat burner' capsules containing DNP''', 2011, http://www.food.gov.uk/news/pressreleases/2003/jun/fatburnpress</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Statistics ==<br />
<br />
DNP has led to the death of at least eight people in the UK since the start of 2015, with a number<br />
of others becoming seriously ill <ref name="12a"/>.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Originally used as an explosive, a pesticide <ref name="13a">McFee, R.B. and Caraccio, T.R. and McGuigan, M.A. and Reynolds, S.A. and Bellanger, P., '''Dying to be thin: a dinitrophenol related fatality''', ''Veterinary and Human Toxicology'', 2004, 46, 5, 251-254, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15487646</ref>, as well as a range of other industrial<br />
processes including - dye, wood preserver, herbicide and photographic developer <ref name="2a"/>. <br />
<br />
It was discovered to cause rapid weight loss in 1933 by Stanford University researcher Maurice<br />
Tainter who subsequently marketed the drug as an over-the-counter dietary aid <ref name="14a">Tainter, M.L. and Stockton, A.B. and Cutting, W.C., '''Use of dinitrophenol in obesity and related conditions''', ''Journal of the American Medical Association'', 1933, 101, 19, 1472-1475, 10.1001/jama.1933.02740440032009, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/245872</ref>. <br />
<br />
DNP was, after a very short period on the market, classed as 'extremely dangerous and not fit for human consumption' by the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938.<br />
<br />
In 1981 it made a reappearance when a product called Mitcal became available via private practice<br />
<ref name="15a">Kurt, T.L. and Anderson, R. and Petty, C. and Bost, R. and Reed, G. and Holland, J., '''Dinitrophenol in weight loss: the poison center and public health safety''', ''Veterinary and Human Toxicology'', 1986, 28, 6, 574-575, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3788046</ref> - however, the comeback did not go well and many side-effects, as well as one death,<br />
were reported. In 1986 the physician who was administering the drug was convicted of drug law<br />
violations, and finally jailed for fraud in 2008 due to unsubstantiated medicinal claims<br />
<ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
The French used DNP in the manufacture of munitions during the First World War <ref name="16a">Perkins, R.G., '''A study of munitions intoxications in France''', ''Public Health Reports'', 1919, 34, 2335</ref>, <ref name="17a">Cutting, W.C. and Mehrtens, H.G. and Tainter M.L., '''Actions and uses of dinitrophenol''', ''Journal of the American Medical Association'', 1933, 101, 193-195</ref>.<br />
Since then, it has also been used as a dye, wood preserver, herbicide and photographic developer. It<br />
was Maurice Tainter at Stanford University in 1933 who discovered that the human consumption of DNP<br />
led to significant weight loss and soon it was popularised as a weight loss drug <ref name="14a"/>. It was<br />
included in over-the-counter medications and was sold to the public without requiring a<br />
prescription.<br />
<br />
Its use for those wishing to lose weight was encouraged by reports of rapid, safe weight loss<br />
<ref name="17a"/>, <ref name="14a"/>. DNP can cause a significant increase in the basal metabolic rate<br />
<ref name="17a"/>, <ref name="14a"/>. This leads to weight loss by burning more fat and carbohydrates<br />
<ref name="18a">Tainter, M.L. and Cutting, W.C. and Hines, E., '''Effects of moderate doses of dinitrophenol on the energy exchange and nitrogen metabolism of patients under conditions of restricted dietary''', ''Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics'', 1935, 55, 326-353, http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/55/3/326</ref>, and weight loss of up to 1.5 kg per week is reported without significant side-effects.<br />
However, there seems to be significant variation in individual responses with an average metabolic<br />
rate increase of 11% for every 100 mg of DNP when taken regularly <ref name="19a">Dunlop, D.M., '''The use of 2:4-dinitrophenol as a metabolic stimulant''', ''British Medical Journal'', 1934, 24, 1, 524-527, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2444737/</ref>, <ref name="20a">Tainter, M.L., '''Treatment of acute dinitrophenol poisoning''', ''Journal of the American Medical Association'', 1935, 104, 1071-1072, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/258265</ref>,<br />
<ref name="21a">Harper, J.A. and Dickinson, K. and Brand, M.D., '''Mitochondrial uncoupling as a target for drug development for the treatment of obesity''', ''Obesity Reviews'', 2001, 2, 255-265, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12119996</ref>. As more side-effects, especially cataracts, were reported, DNP was labelled as<br />
'extremely dangerous and not fit for human consumption' by the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act<br />
of 1938 <ref name="22a">Colman, E., '''Dinitrophenol and obesity: an early twentieth-century regulatory dilemma''', ''Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology'', 2007, 48, 115-117, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17475379</ref>, <ref name="23a">atsdr, '''Toxicological profile of dinitrophenols''', 1995, http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=729&tid=132, Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry </ref>.<br />
<br />
After 1938, medical prescription of DNP stopped and cases of poisoning due to medical intake were no<br />
longer reported, but case reports of deaths associated with the ingestion of DNP still emerged<br />
<ref name="24a">Gisclard, J.B. and Woodward, M.M., '''2,4-Dinitrophenol poisoning; a case report''', ''Journal of Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology'', 1946, 28, 47-51</ref>, <ref name="25a">Cann, H.M. and Verhulst, H.L., '''Fatality from acute dinitrophenol derivate poisoning''', ''American Journal of Diseases of Children'', 1960, 100, 947-948</ref>. It is anecdotally reported to have been prescribed to the Russian soldiers<br />
during World War 2 to keep them warm <ref name="26a">Kurt, T.L. and Anderson, R. and Petty, C. and Bost, R. and Reed, G. and Holland, J., '''Dinitrophenol in weight loss: the poison centre and public safety''', ''Veterinary and Human Toxicology'', 1986, 28, 574-575, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3788046</ref>, <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
In 1981, a physician named Dr. Bachynsky, in Texas, USA processed industrial DNP into tablets which<br />
he marketed/dispensed under the trade name 'Mitcal' through his private weight loss clinic <ref name="26a"/>. He<br />
advertised that weight loss occurred using 'Mitcal' through a mechanism he called ''intracellular<br />
hyperthermia therapy''. It is alleged in subsequent court proceedings that over 14,000 people were<br />
treated by Dr. Bachynsky. Individuals using Mitcal started reporting adverse effects, such as fever,<br />
shortness of breath and sweating, to the US Food and Drugs Administration in late 1982.<br />
Additionally, there was a fatality associated with an intentional overdose of 'Mitcal' in 1984.<br />
Following further investigation, Dr. Bachynsky was convicted in 1986 of drug law violations, fined<br />
and prohibited from dispensing DNP to any patients. However, he continued to use DNP for a variety<br />
of different 'medicinal claims' and was eventually jailed for fraud in 2008 in the USA in relation<br />
to the marketing of a company that was developing DNP being used in Europe as a cancer treatment<br />
known as ''intracellular hyperthermia therapy'' <ref name="27a">Miami FBI, '''Helvetia defendant sentenced to 14 years on wire and securities fraud''', 2008, http://miami.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel08/mm20081203.htm</ref>.<br />
<br />
The UK Food Standard Agency issued a warning in 2003, labelling DNP as 'not fit for human<br />
consumption'. This warning was aimed specifically at bodybuilders, to avoid its use due to<br />
significant potential for short-term and long-term harm, following the hospitalisation of a Finish<br />
bodybuilder after having taken DNP <ref name="12a"/>.<br />
<br />
Despite this, DNP remains widely available and can be purchased over the internet, particularly from<br />
online pharmacies. As noted above, DNP has been banned as a weight loss drug in the USA, and in the<br />
UK, it has been labelled as a hazardous chemical under the Clean Air Act <ref name="22a"/>, <ref name="12a"/>.<br />
Despite this legislation and warnings of harm associated with its use, reports of deaths due to the<br />
use of DNP have increased in the last few years, and the last decade has seen the highest<br />
number of case reports from death due to intentional dinitrophenol overdose <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=Dagga&diff=726Dagga2018-07-05T09:49:35Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Also known as ==<br />
<br />
marijuana, zol, skyf, joint, weed, grass, shit, pot, boom, ganja, dope, hash, smoke, hemp, green gold, majat (a low grade dagga), poison, peperskyf, swazi gold, malawi gold, mabange, insangu, imya, lebake, splif, transkei colly, durban poison<br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
<br />
Depressant<br />
[[Category:Depressants]]<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Dagga is a green plant-like substance derived from the Dagga plant. The Dagga plant can be found in the form of a bush and the size is dependent on various factors, for instance the temperature in which it grows, the rainfall, the nutrients in the soil in which it grows and some of the inherited genes in the seeds that are being used during the planting process. There is a wide variety in sizes of the Dagga plant. A characteristic of the Dagga plant is the leaf that can be found in the form of a hand and that usually consists of an uneven number of leaves, usually five, seven, nine or eleven leaves, situated on the stem <ref name="1a">'''Dagga''', 2016, http://www.drugaware.co.za/dagga.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
Leaves of Leonotis leonurus, a plant found in South Africa, where it is smoked like tobacco with mild sedative effect; a term mistakenly applied to Indian hemp, Cannabis sativa <ref name="2a">'''Definition of Dagga''', 2017, https://www.drugs.com/dict/dagga.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
== What does it look like? ==<br />
<br />
Dagga looks a bit like the tobacco one can buy in shops. It consists of dry leaves of the cannabis<br />
sativa plant. The female plant contains seeds, which can be planted, but which are usually removed<br />
from the mixture before smoking it. The male plant does not contain seeds. The dried leaves are<br />
brown or dark green in colour and looks a bit like mixed herbs one buys in the supermarket <ref name="3a">'''Dagga: some basic facts''', 2014, https://www.health24.com/Lifestyle/Street-drugs/Plants/Dagga-20120721</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Street price ==<br />
<br />
The cost of dagga varies from area to area, but is generally inexpensive. It is cheap, but freely<br />
available <ref name="3a"/>.<br />
<br />
== What are the different forms? ==<br />
<br />
* '''Arm''' - The name "Arm" is derived from the packaging method. Dagga is rolled up in newspaper and brown paper in the length and thickness of a man's forearm. It has been found that the length and thickness of an "Arm" vary in certain smuggle areas <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
** '''Price''' - approximately [[R]]60 - [[R]]90 - depending on the weight and the quality,<br />
** '''Weight''' - 650g - 1kg <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
* '''compressed dagga''' - Dagga is compressed in 1kg blocks in order to make packaging and smuggling easier. Compressed Dagga is usually destined for the European and North American markets, where there is a great demand for Dagga from Southern Africa. The value of 1kg compressed Dagga overseas is approximately [[R]]1,000 <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
* '''Hashish''' - Dagga can also be obtained in the form of Hashish. Hashish is a thick tar-like substance and looks like sticky toffee that has melted. Hashish is basically the resin of the Dagga plant that is extracted when the plant is compressed when it is wet. This resin is then dried and marketed <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
** '''Price''' - [[R]]5 per gram <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
== How long do its effects last? ==<br />
<br />
When dagga is smoked the effect thereof will be felt within minutes and reaches its peak after about three minutes. Dagga will hold the effect on the body for a period of two to three hours. The stronger the dose of Dagga that is taken the longer and more intense the so-called 'Trip' will be <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Pharmacology ==<br />
<br />
There are sixty-one cannabinols that are synthesised by the plant. The active ingredient of the plant, namely Delta 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is responsible for most of the outstanding characteristics of the psychoactive effects of the plant. [[THC]] is a very complex substance and is slowly metabolised by the body <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Elimination ===<br />
<br />
It takes approximately thirty days for the body to rid itself of the THC of one Dagga cigarette. In certain parts of the body it can take up to six months <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Signs of usage ==<br />
<br />
* bloodshot eyes, <br />
* sleepy eyes, <br />
* unnatural thirst or hunger, <br />
* uncontrollable moods / mood swings, <br />
* talkative or giggles, <br />
* bad decision-making, <br />
* stains on hands <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Physical signs ===<br />
<br />
The following physical signs can be an indication that an individual or individuals are using Dagga -<br />
<br />
* dagga seeds or pips lying around, <br />
* dagga rests or dust found in pockets of clothing,<br />
* broken bottles or bottle necks, <br />
* rizzla machines and papers, <br />
* unknown odours in home, <br />
* incense burnt in rooms, <br />
* eye drops or Lipice that is used extensively, <br />
* empty bank bags, <br />
* lotto or tab tickets that were folded, <br />
* rasta colours (red, green and yellow), <br />
* empty matchboxes, <br />
* brown paper - packaging of "sticks", <br />
* untidy lifestyle <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
Most of the abovementioned substances can be found in dustbins <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Effects ==<br />
<br />
According to users, the effects of Dagga will vary from person to person.<br />
<br />
Dagga has the effect to speed up the pulse rate of an individual and the blood pressure drop drastically. It also causes a dry mouth and in certain cases it causes hallucinations. A serious thirst, an increase in appetite especially for something sweet (which is called "Munchies"), aggression, light headedness and forgetfulness in certain users are caused, especially when it is used together with the consumption of alcohol. There are cases of [[synaesthesia]] reported, where music is seen and colours heard <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Side-effects ===<br />
<br />
* brain damage, <br />
* amnesia, <br />
* sterility, <br />
* emphysema / lung diseases, <br />
* emotional and spiritual problems, <br />
* lowered libido, <br />
* weakened liver functions, <br />
* overall deterioration in health <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Dagga is not originally derived from Africa. Cannabis Sativa, the gene name for Dagga, originated in the Far East, from countries such as China and Thailand. In the Indian subcontinent legends and traditions have it that Dagga was used as a method to enhance meditation and concentration. In certain parts of India Dagga, where it is known as "Bhang", is prepared in the form of a syrup that is used during spiritual occasions and is prescribed by certain religions as compulsory.<br />
<br />
Ganja is also seen in India as a form of prestige and was prominent during certain Indian parties. In South India it was a habit to distribute Ganja amongst guests at weddings to show the host's respect toward his guests.<br />
<br />
Certain African tribes have over the years made excessive use of Cannabis. In Tanzania this drug found its way into a diet in the southern highlands where Cannabis seeds and leafs were used as a spice during the preparation of certain vegetable dishes. Traditional doctors in Tanzania made extracts of the Cannabis plant that was then used to cure earache. Cannabis entered South Africa via Mozambique. For years Dagga was supplied to black mine workers to enhance their work performance. It was also known that there were certain secret movements where people used Dagga in vast quantities.<br />
<br />
South Africa is traditionally one of the largest Dagga producing countries in the world. Dagga is primarily cultivated in Kwazulu Natal, the Eastern Cape (especially the former Transkei), Swaziland and Lesotho. This Dagga has for years been exported to America and Europe and is then exchanged for more serious drugs such as LSD and Ecstasy. In 1928 the cultivating and use of Dagga was prohibited (banned) in South Africa <ref name="1a"/>.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Sidebar&diff=725MediaWiki:Sidebar2017-07-12T21:45:10Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>* Pages<br />
** A to Z of drugs|A to Z of drugs<br />
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** :Category:Synthetic hormones|Synthetic hormones</div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=README_FIRST&diff=724README FIRST2017-07-12T21:43:05Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
* [[#2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)|2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)]]<br />
* [[#Alcohol|Alcohol]]<br />
* [[#Alprazolam|Alprazolam]]<br />
* [[#Amphetamines|Amphetamines]]<br />
* [[#AMT|AMT]]<br />
* [[#Anabolic steroids|Anabolic steroids]]<br />
* [[#Benzodiazepines|Benzodiazepines]]<br />
* [[#Betel nut|Betel nut]]<br />
* [[#Buprenorphine|Buprenorphine]]<br />
* [[#BZP|BZP]]<br />
* [[#Caffeine|Caffeine]]<br />
* [[#Citalopram|Citalopram]]<br />
* [[#Cocaine|Cocaine]]<br />
* [[#Codeine|Codeine]]<br />
* [[#Dimethyltryptamine|Dimethyltryptamine]]<br />
* [[#DXM|DXM]]<br />
* [[#Ecstasy|Ecstasy]]<br />
* [[#Gabapentin|Gabapentin]]<br />
* [[#GBL/GHB|GBL/GHB]]<br />
* [[#Heroin|Heroin]]<br />
* [[#Hydromorphone|Hydromorphone]]<br />
* [[#Inhalants|Inhalants]]<br />
* [[#Ketamine|Ketamine]]<br />
* [[#Khat|Khat]]<br />
* [[#Kratom|Kratom]]<br />
* [[#LSD|LSD]]<br />
* [[#Marijuana|Marijuana]]<br />
* [[#mCPP|mCPP]]<br />
* [[#MDA|MDA]]<br />
* [[#Mephedrone|Mephedrone]]<br />
* [[#Mescaline|Mescaline]]<br />
* [[#Methadone|Methadone]]<br />
* [[#Methamphetamine|Methamphetamine]]<br />
* [[#Methoxetamine|Methoxetamine]]<br />
* [[#Methylone|Methylone]]<br />
* [[#Methylphenidate|Methylphenidate]]<br />
* [[#Morphine|Morphine]]<br />
* [[#Naltrexone|Naltrexone]]<br />
* [[#New psychoactive substances|New psychoactive substances]]<br />
* [[#Nitrites|Nitrites]]<br />
* [[#Nitrous oxide|Nitrous oxide]]<br />
* [[#NRG-1|NRG-1]]<br />
* [[#Opium|Opium]]<br />
* [[#Oxycodone|Oxycodone]]<br />
* [[#Phenazepam|Phenazepam]]<br />
* [[#Phencyclidine|Phencyclidine]]<br />
* [[#Phenobarbital|Phenobarbital]]<br />
* [[#Piperazines|Piperazines]]<br />
* [[#PMMA/PMA|PMMA/PMA]]<br />
* [[#Psilocybin|Psilocybin]]<br />
* [[#Rohypnol|Rohypnol]]<br />
* [[#Salvia divinorum|Salvia divinorum]]<br />
* [[#Suboxone|Suboxone]]<br />
* [[#Synthetic cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids]]<br />
* [[#TFMPP|TFMPP]]<br />
* [[#Tobacco|Tobacco]]<br />
* [[#Tramadol|Tramadol]]<br />
* [[#Zopiclone|Zopiclone]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== 2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs) ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
Effects are similar to, but less intense than, [[LSD]] and [[mushrooms]] -<br />
<br />
* senses become distorted - e.g. you may taste things that you can see…<br />
* changes to time, space and meaning,<br />
* [[hallucination]]s,<br />
* altered state of consciousness,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* distortions in the perception of time.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* unwanted visions and distorted thoughts can be frightening - '[[bad trip]]',<br />
* can negatively affect people who have mental health problems,<br />
* feelings of general discomfort,<br />
* [[nausea]],<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* itching,<br />
* prolonged tensing of muscles and shuddering,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* [[diarrhoea]].<br />
<br />
See [[2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Alcohol ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxed feeling,<br />
* enables people to enjoy socialising,<br />
* release pent-up aggression,<br />
* mild intoxication,<br />
* cheerfulness,<br />
* relaxation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* weakens bodily control and coordination,<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* slurred speech,<br />
* decreased sexual performance,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* disinhibition,<br />
* confusion.<br />
<br />
See [[Alcohol]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Alprazolam ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* sleepiness,<br />
* occasional mild euphoria (happiness),<br />
* feelings of peace and tranquility,<br />
* relaxation of the body and mind,<br />
* improved sleep.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* dizziness/loss of coordination,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* sometimes mild amnesia,<br />
* problems with speech and coordination,<br />
* feeling dizzy and disoriented,<br />
* poor memory and concentration,<br />
* reduced blood pressure,<br />
* reduced respiration rate.<br />
<br />
See [[Alprazolam]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Amphetamines ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* increased energy,<br />
* increased sex drive,<br />
* euphoria (intense happiness) at higher doses,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* confidence. <br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* reduced appetite,<br />
* restlessness,<br />
* loss of coordination (at higher doses),<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* dry mouth.<br />
<br />
See [[Amphetamines]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== AMT ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* mood enhancement,<br />
* empathogenic properties,<br />
* occasional audio and visual experiences.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* nervousness,<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting (common),<br />
* tension headaches,<br />
* occasional muscular aches.<br />
<br />
See [[AMT]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Anabolic steroids ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* assists the male sexual function,<br />
* enhances libido,<br />
* increases production of red blood cells (good for building muscles),<br />
* enhanced muscle mass,<br />
* enhanced performance,<br />
* greater physical definition.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* liver damage (especially tablet form),<br />
* can reduce testicle size,<br />
* inability to get an erection,<br />
* sterility/impotence,<br />
* shrinking and hardening of testicles,<br />
* breast enlargement,<br />
* enlarged clitoris,<br />
* disruption to menstrual cycle,<br />
* growth of facial hair,<br />
* acne,<br />
* deepening of the voice.<br />
<br />
See [[Anabolic_Steroids]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Benzodiazepines ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* calm and relaxed,<br />
* induces long periods of sleep,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* euphoria.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* short-term memory loss,<br />
* reduced mental alertness,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* light-headedness,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* confusion.<br />
<br />
See [[Benzodiazepines]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Betel nut ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* greater energy,<br />
* reduced fatigue,<br />
* talkativeness,<br />
* excitability.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* discolouration of teeth and gums, sometimes turning them reddish-brown,<br />
* mouth ulcers and gum disease,<br />
* oral cancers or sub mucous fibrosis,<br />
* stomach ulcers,<br />
* heart disease.<br />
<br />
See [[Betel nut]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Buprenorphine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* disorientation.<br />
<br />
See [[Buprenorphine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== BZP ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* similar to amphetamines,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* [[euphoria]],<br />
* feelings of being alert,<br />
* full of energy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild headaches,<br />
* extreme fatigue but inability to sleep,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* stomach pain,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* irregular heartbeat,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* allergic reactions,<br />
* fever,<br />
* fits.<br />
<br />
See [[BZP]] for further information.<br />
<br />
== Caffeine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild stimulation,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* reduces feelings of tiredness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* sleeplessness,<br />
* tension,<br />
* palpitations,<br />
* anxiousness.<br />
<br />
See [[Caffeine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Citalopram ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relief of anxiety,<br />
* decrease in suicidal thoughts,<br />
* improves general quality of life,<br />
* improvements in mood.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* sexual dysfunction,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* hypertension,<br />
* sleep disturbances,<br />
* withdrawal,<br />
* dietary restrictions (for maois)<br />
<br />
See [[Citalopram]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Cocaine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* increased wakefulness,<br />
* increased confidence,<br />
* exhilaration,<br />
* elation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* increased chance of stroke and heart attack,<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* tension,<br />
* aggression.<br />
<br />
See [[Cocaine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Codeine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* good for opiate detox/reduction,<br />
* minor euphoric action,<br />
* less stigmatised (compared to other opiates),<br />
* calmness,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* pain relief.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* very constipating (could be considered positive if suffering from IBS-type symptoms),<br />
* minimum euphoria compared with other options,<br />
* dose conversion is difficult,<br />
* urine tests as morphine/heroin,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* itching and flushing of the skin.<br />
<br />
See [[Codeine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Dimethyltryptamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* visual perception (seeing bright colours, geometric shapes, 'soft edge' to objects),<br />
* intense dreams,<br />
* change in self-perception and identity (disconnection from senses when sought),<br />
* changes in consciousness,<br />
* distorted reality.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* hallucinations can become frightening (overly intense),<br />
* sense of disconnection from self,<br />
* effect/comedown can be rapid and abrupt,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* increased blood pressure,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting.<br />
<br />
See [[Dimethyltryptamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== DXM ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* mood lift,<br />
* increased giggling and laughing,<br />
* dissociation of mind from body,<br />
* creative dream-like experiences,<br />
* increased tactile sensation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* body itching,<br />
* rash, red blotchy skin,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* fever,<br />
* tachycardia.<br />
<br />
See [[DXM]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Ecstasy ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* feelings of empathy or emotional understanding in and between individuals,<br />
* exhilaration,<br />
* energy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* raised blood pressure,<br />
* raised body temperature,<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* nystagmus,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* anxiety.<br />
<br />
See [[Ecstasy]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Gabapentin ==<br />
<br />
==== Sought after effects ====<br />
<br />
* improved sociability,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* a sense of calm,<br />
* cannabis-like high.<br />
<br />
==== Undesired effects ====<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* sedation,<br />
* respiratory depression,<br />
* death,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* flatulence,<br />
* constipation or diarrhoea,<br />
* poor muscle control,<br />
* visual disturbances.<br />
<br />
See [[Gabapentin]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== GBL/GHB ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* uninhibited,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* relaxed feeling,<br />
* aids sleep,<br />
* a supplement for body building.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* loss of body control - effects similar to alcohol which can last for several hours,<br />
* feeling sick and being sick,<br />
* numb muscle and disorientation,<br />
* seizures and collapse,<br />
* psychosis and severe agitation,<br />
* tachycardia,<br />
* delirium,<br />
* auditory and visual hallucinations,<br />
* paranoia ,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* short-term memory loss.<br />
<br />
See [[GBL / GHB]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Heroin ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* powerful euphoriant,<br />
* relaxing effects,<br />
* feelings of wellbeing and freedom from worry,<br />
* intense rush,<br />
* exhilaration,<br />
* decreased anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* loss of balance,<br />
* overdose can be fatal,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* decreased heart-rate,<br />
* shallow breathing,<br />
* coma.<br />
<br />
See [[Heroin]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Hydromorphone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* intense pleasure,<br />
* physical relaxation and decreased tension,<br />
* decreased anxiety and worry,<br />
* increased sleepiness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* headache,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* decreased appetite,<br />
* feeling lightheaded or dizzy,<br />
* increased sweating,<br />
* hyperalgesia, or worsening pain,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* depression.<br />
<br />
See [[Hydromorphone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Inhalants ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* dreaminess,<br />
* relaxed,<br />
* fits of giggles (with laughing gas),<br />
* intoxication,<br />
* disinhibition,<br />
* reduced anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* can experience vomiting and blackouts,<br />
* mood swings,<br />
* aggressive behaviour and hallucinations,<br />
* potential breathing problems with chronic use,<br />
* memory impairment,<br />
* solvents and glue often perceived as a 'losers habit' in many circles,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* slurred speech,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* visual disturbance.<br />
<br />
See [[Inhalants]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Ketamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* pain relieving,<br />
* a feeling that mind is separate from the body - described as a floating feeling.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* causes loss of coordination,<br />
* numbness in limbs,<br />
* higher doses can cause an 'out-of-body' experience - the 'K hole,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* hallucinations.<br />
<br />
See [[Ketamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Khat ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoric high accompanied by a sensation down the spine and through the body,<br />
* talkative,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* mild excitement,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* excitement,<br />
* dilated pupils.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* It can cause excessive sleepiness and depression,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* hyperactivity,<br />
* constipation.<br />
<br />
See [[Khat]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Kratom ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* simultaneous stimulation and sedation,<br />
* feelings of empathy,<br />
* feelings of euphoria,<br />
* aphrodisiac qualities for some people,<br />
* vivid waking dreams,<br />
* increases sociability and talkativeness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild depression during and/or after,<br />
* increase in (perceived) body temperature (feel hot and sweaty),<br />
* desire to repeat experience more frequently than intended, can lead to addiction,<br />
* tolerance building quickly after a few days in a row of repeated use, tolerance to effects reduces with a one to three days of abstinence,<br />
* psychosis,<br />
* convulsions,<br />
* hallucinations.<br />
<br />
See [[Kratom]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== LSD ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* effects similar to magic mushrooms,<br />
* senses become distorted,<br />
* perceptual changes to time, space and meaning,<br />
* hallucinations,<br />
* hilarity.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortions can be frightening - 'bad trip',<br />
* can negatively affect people who have mental health problems,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* distortions in time and space.<br />
<br />
See [[LSD]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Marijuana ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mellow, calm feeling,<br />
* sense of well-being,<br />
* changes in senses, especially eating hash cakes,<br />
* often thought of as an aphrodisiac,<br />
* stimulates appetite,<br />
* pain killer (analgesic),<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* hilarity.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* increase in pulse rate,<br />
* drop in blood pressure,<br />
* sense of lethargy,<br />
* concerns about the effect on the mental health of the young,<br />
* can affect short term memory,<br />
* can affect coordination,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* low blood pressure,<br />
* short term memory loss,<br />
* increased appetite.<br />
<br />
See [[Marijuana]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== mCPP ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* feelings of empathy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* raised blood pressure,<br />
* raised body temperature,<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off.<br />
<br />
See [[mCPP]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== MDA ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* visual hallucinations,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* heightened feelings of intimacy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* panic attacks,<br />
* sweating.<br />
<br />
See [[MDA]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Mephedrone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
Effects have been noted as similar to cocaine and MDMA<br />
<br />
* feelings of happiness,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* sociable.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off,<br />
* anxiety.<br />
<br />
See [[Mephedrone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Mescaline == <br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* feelings of interconnectedness,<br />
* spiritual events,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* increased sensitivity to touch,<br />
* increased sense of smell,<br />
* music enhancement,<br />
* increased persistence of vision.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* unwanted spiritual experiences,<br />
* tension,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* intense feelings of dread and doom.<br />
<br />
See [[Mescaline]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methadone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* long-lasting and smooth action,<br />
* prevents heroin withdrawal symptoms.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* none of the pleasurable effects attributed to recreational opiate use,<br />
* light-headedness,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness.<br />
<br />
See [[Methadone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methamphetamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* increased energy,<br />
* talkativeness,<br />
* heightened libido,<br />
* increased alertness,<br />
* concentration,<br />
* enhance self-esteem,<br />
* appetite suppressant.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* panicky,<br />
* obsessive,<br />
* excessive sweating,<br />
* sexually irresponsible,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* tremors,<br />
* jaw-clenching,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* talkativeness.<br />
<br />
See [[Methamphetamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methoxetamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortion of senses,<br />
* dissociative state (feeling of detachment from the body and the wider world),<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* warmth and detachment,<br />
* calmness,<br />
* reduced anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* sometimes nausea and headaches,<br />
* may cause memory problems if used long-term.<br />
<br />
See [[Methoxetamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methylone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* feeling of 'one-ness',<br />
* empathy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* muscle tension,<br />
* nausea and vomiting,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* dizziness and confusion,<br />
* teeth-grinding ('gurning').<br />
<br />
See [[Methylone]] for further details<br />
<br />
== Methylphenidate ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* increased alertness,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* increased motivation,<br />
* abundance of energy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* increased body temperature,<br />
* tachycardia,<br />
* hypertension,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* racing thoughts,<br />
* insomnia.<br />
<br />
See [[Methylphenidate]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Morphine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* very effective painkiller (often the only effective pain relief for chronic pain syndromes),<br />
* wide range of formulations available,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* decreased anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* large dose usually required,<br />
* short-acting,<br />
* very 'prickly' when injected,<br />
* dose increases usually required (variable 'ceiling' dose),<br />
* doctors often reluctant to prescribe,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* respiratory depression,<br />
* constipation.<br />
<br />
See [[Morphine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Naltrexone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* least painful detox yet,<br />
* symptoms abate very quickly.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* cost,<br />
* [[NHS]] licensing in most cases when medicated.<br />
<br />
See [[Naltrexone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== New psychoactive substances ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* Varied. Many substances will have [[stimulant]] or hallucinogenic effects or a combination of both.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* Varied. See individual substances for more information, if available.<br />
<br />
See [[New psychoactive substances]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Nitrites ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* short intense rush,<br />
* intense exhilaration,<br />
* you get a huge rush of blood to the head - like you're hanging upside down or something,<br />
* if you're having sex, it increases all the good feelings every touch feels much nicer than normal,<br />
* you might feel light-headed, giddy, or just really hot,<br />
* some people feel like time has slowed down.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* flushing,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* headache,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* fainting,<br />
* erection difficulties,<br />
* sore throat,<br />
* painful eyes,<br />
* nasty skin rash.<br />
<br />
See [[Nitrites]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Nitrous oxide ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* mild euphoria (often giggling),<br />
* head rush/light headedness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* headaches,<br />
* nausea.<br />
* mood swings,<br />
* excessive use can cause breathing difficulties and heart problems,<br />
* it makes you clumsier than a drunk clown, lots of people fall over and hurt themselves,<br />
* it can make you feel like you're going to vomit, especially if you mix it with alcohol,<br />
* some people get an instant headache of epic proportions,<br />
* too much can make you faint.<br />
<br />
See [[Nitrous oxide]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== NRG-1 ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* excitable,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* increased awareness of surroundings,<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* prolonged wakefulness,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* urge to talk.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* lack of appetite and concentration,<br />
* memory problems with frequent use.<br />
<br />
See [[NRG-1]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Opium ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* calm,<br />
* drowsy,<br />
* dreamy state of mind,<br />
* initial stimulation,<br />
* enhanced imagination,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* decreased anxiety,<br />
* sleep.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
In normal sized doses -<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* decreased heart-rate,<br />
* shallow breathing.<br />
<br />
In large doses -<br />
<br />
* headaches,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* nausea.<br />
<br />
See [[Opium]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Oxycodone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* pain relief,<br />
* perceptions of less physical pain,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* release of muscular tension,<br />
* mental calm or relaxation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* CNS depression,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* slowed or difficult breathing,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* alternating periods of sleep and consciousness.<br />
<br />
See [[Oxycodone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Phenazepam ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
At low doses - <br />
<br />
* relaxing,<br />
* helps with sleep,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* relief of tension,<br />
* relief of anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
At higher doses -<br />
<br />
* dizziness<br />
* loss of memory (can be very profound at high doses),<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* light-headedness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* forgetfulness,<br />
* hiccups.<br />
<br />
See [[Phenazepam]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Phencyclidine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* disinhibition,<br />
* [[hallucinations]].<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* decreased sensitivity to pain,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* numbness,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* [[hallucinations]],<br />
* dissociation ('out-of-the-body' feelings).<br />
<br />
See [[Phencyclidine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Phenobarbital ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoric feelings,<br />
* reduced inhibition,<br />
* feelings of calm/relaxation,<br />
* increased ability to sleep.<br />
<br />
See [[Phenobarbital]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Piperazines ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
==== BZP - similar to amphetamines ====<br />
<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* euphoria.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
==== BZP ====<br />
<br />
* mild headaches,<br />
* fatigue,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* stomach pain,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* irregular heartbeat,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* allergic reactions,<br />
* fever,<br />
* fits.<br />
<br />
See [[Piperazines]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== PMMA/PMA ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* increase in energy,<br />
* minor visuals.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* hallucinations,<br />
* convulsions,<br />
* respiratory distress.<br />
<br />
See [[PMMA/PMA]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Psilocybin ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* senses become distorted,<br />
* changes to time, space and meaning - 'trips' can be ecstatic experiences,<br />
* at low doses, they can make you laugh like a hyena,<br />
* they distort all your senses and merge them together - you can hear the colour red, see the sound of laughter,<br />
* you have lots of deep and meaningful thoughts about the universe, and just feel a general brilliant insight into life,<br />
* time tends to pass more slowly, minutes seem like hours. Everything feels like a dream,<br />
* you feel really happy, calm, and generally tripped-out,<br />
* at higher dosages, you can have full-blown hallucinations, similar to an LSD trip, or see things even when your eyes are closed. If you see nice things, you generally have a fab time,<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortions or 'trips' like frightening paranoid nightmares,<br />
* can negatively affect people who have mental health problems,<br />
* what if you pick the wrong mushroom?! The biggest danger of magic mushrooms is eating a poisonous one by mistake,<br />
* you can get a crippling stomach ache and feel sick; some lucky users also get a bad dose of diarrhoea,<br />
* if you have a bad trip, you could be stuck with intense feelings of sheer terror until the drug wears off,<br />
* having a distorted view of reality can be pretty dangerous if you're trying to cross a road, or similar,<br />
* some users get a pretty bad headache that lasts for days afterwards.<br />
<br />
See [[Psilocybin]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Rohypnol ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxing,<br />
* sleepy,<br />
* reduced anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* aggressive behaviour,<br />
* deep and intense memory loss,<br />
* complete loss of movement and lack of coordination potentially leaving users very vulnerable.<br />
<br />
See [[Rohypnol]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Salvia divinorum ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* [[hallucinations]],<br />
* giggling,<br />
* reminiscence (bringing back happy memories),<br />
* can cause powerful hallucinations where you perceive other dimensions or experience alternate realities,<br />
* some people report a loss of physical coordination with trouble walking or standing,<br />
* uncontrollable laughter, usually at the beginning of the trip,<br />
* headaches can come on as salvia starts to wear off.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* sometimes scary distortions to senses.<br />
<br />
See [[Salvia divinorum]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Suboxone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* long-lasting,<br />
* less drowsy than methadone,<br />
* forces user into full withdrawal,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* feelings of euphoria,<br />
* feelings of calm and well-being,<br />
* reduced sensations of physical pain,<br />
* reduced cravings for other opiates.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* none of the pleasurable effects attributed to recreational opiate use,<br />
* cannot use heroin or other opiates on top,<br />
* headache,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* sweating.<br />
<br />
See [[Suboxone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Synthetic cannabinoids ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* happy and relaxed (in moderate doses),<br />
* synesthetic (one type of stimulation evokes the sensation of another sense) effects.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* problems with coordination,<br />
* [[paranoia]] and forgetfulness is possible but not known change whether it exists for all these chemicals,<br />
* dose/potency concerns.<br />
<br />
See [[Synthetic cannabinoids]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== TFMPP ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mildly hallucinogenic - i.e. changes the way your brain sees things (when used alone at higher doses),<br />
* in combination with [[BZP]], similar to [[MDMA]] ([[ecstasy]]).<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* migraines,<br />
* muscle pain,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* insomnia.<br />
<br />
See [[TFMPP]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Tobacco ==<br />
<br />
==== Sought after effects ====<br />
<br />
* satisfies cravings,<br />
* can give a sense of stress relief,<br />
* oral comfort,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation.<br />
<br />
==== Undesired effects ====<br />
<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* increased pulse rate and blood pressure.<br />
<br />
See [[Tobacco]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Tramadol ==<br />
<br />
==== Sought after effects ====<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* sleepiness,<br />
* pain relief,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* warmth,<br />
* well-being.<br />
<br />
==== Undesired effects ====<br />
<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* sleepiness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* tiredness,<br />
* vomiting.<br />
<br />
See [[Tramadol]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Zopiclone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* sleepiness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* amnesia,<br />
* depression,<br />
* cognitive impairment (confusion).<br />
<br />
See [[Zopiclone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=README_FIRST&diff=723README FIRST2017-07-12T21:41:18Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
* [[#2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)|2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)]]<br />
* [[#Alcohol|Alcohol]]<br />
* [[#Alprazolam|Alprazolam]]<br />
* [[#Amphetamines|Amphetamines]]<br />
* [[#AMT|AMT]]<br />
* [[#Anabolic steroids|Anabolic steroids]]<br />
* [[#Benzodiazepines|Benzodiazepines]]<br />
* [[#Betel nut|Betel nut]]<br />
* [[#Buprenorphine|Buprenorphine]]<br />
* [[#BZP|BZP]]<br />
* [[#Caffeine|Caffeine]]<br />
* [[#Citalopram|Citalopram]]<br />
* [[#Cocaine|Cocaine]]<br />
* [[#Codeine|Codeine]]<br />
* [[#Dimethyltryptamine|Dimethyltryptamine]]<br />
* [[#DXM|DXM]]<br />
* [[#Ecstasy|Ecstasy]]<br />
* [[#Gabapentin|Gabapentin]]<br />
* [[#GBL/GHB|GBL/GHB]]<br />
* [[#Heroin|Heroin]]<br />
* [[#Hydromorphone|Hydromorphone]]<br />
* [[#Inhalants|Inhalants]]<br />
* [[#Ketamine|Ketamine]]<br />
* [[#Khat|Khat]]<br />
* [[#Kratom|Kratom]]<br />
* [[#LSD|LSD]]<br />
* [[#Marijuana|Marijuana]]<br />
* [[#mCPP|mCPP]]<br />
* [[#MDA|MDA]]<br />
* [[#Mephedrone|Mephedrone]]<br />
* [[#Mescaline|Mescaline]]<br />
* [[#Methadone|Methadone]]<br />
* [[#Methamphetamine|Methamphetamine]]<br />
* [[#Methoxetamine|Methoxetamine]]<br />
* [[#Methylone|Methylone]]<br />
* [[#Methylphenidate|Methylphenidate]]<br />
* [[#Morphine|Morphine]]<br />
* [[#Naltrexone|Naltrexone]]<br />
* [[#New psychoactive substances|New psychoactive substances]]<br />
* [[#Nitrites|Nitrites]]<br />
* [[#Nitrous oxide|Nitrous oxide]]<br />
* [[#NRG-1|NRG-1]]<br />
* [[#Opium|Opium]]<br />
* [[#Oxycodone|Oxycodone]]<br />
* [[#Phenazepam|Phenazepam]]<br />
* [[#Phencyclidine|Phencyclidine]]<br />
* [[#Phenobarbital|Phenobarbital]]<br />
* [[#Piperazines|Piperazines]]<br />
* [[#PMMA/PMA|PMMA/PMA]]<br />
* [[#Psilocybin|Psilocybin]]<br />
* [[#Rohypnol|Rohypnol]]<br />
* [[#Salvia divinorum|Salvia divinorum]]<br />
* [[#Suboxone|Suboxone]]<br />
* [[#Synthetic cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids]]<br />
* [[#TFMPP|TFMPP]]<br />
* [[#Tobacco|Tobacco]]<br />
* [[#Tramadol|Tramadol]]<br />
* [[#Zopiclone|Zopiclone]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== 2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs) ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
Effects are similar to, but less intense than, [[LSD]] and [[mushrooms]] -<br />
<br />
* senses become distorted - e.g. you may taste things that you can see…<br />
* changes to time, space and meaning <ref name="1337a"/>,<br />
* [[hallucination]]s,<br />
* altered state of consciousness,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* distortions in the perception of time <ref name="1354a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* unwanted visions and distorted thoughts can be frightening - '[[bad trip]]',<br />
* can negatively affect people who have mental health problems <ref name="1337a"/>,<br />
* feelings of general discomfort,<br />
* [[nausea]],<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* itching,<br />
* prolonged tensing of muscles and shuddering,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* [[diarrhoea]] <ref name="1354a"/>.<br />
<br />
See [[2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Alcohol ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxed feeling,<br />
* enables people to enjoy socialising,<br />
* release pent-up aggression,<br />
* mild intoxication,<br />
* cheerfulness,<br />
* relaxation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* weakens bodily control and coordination,<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* slurred speech,<br />
* decreased sexual performance,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* disinhibition,<br />
* confusion.<br />
<br />
See [[Alcohol]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Alprazolam ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* sleepiness,<br />
* occasional mild euphoria (happiness),<br />
* feelings of peace and tranquility,<br />
* relaxation of the body and mind,<br />
* improved sleep.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* dizziness/loss of coordination,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* sometimes mild amnesia,<br />
* problems with speech and coordination,<br />
* feeling dizzy and disoriented,<br />
* poor memory and concentration,<br />
* reduced blood pressure,<br />
* reduced respiration rate.<br />
<br />
See [[Alprazolam]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Amphetamines ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* increased energy,<br />
* increased sex drive,<br />
* euphoria (intense happiness) at higher doses,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* confidence. <br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* reduced appetite,<br />
* restlessness,<br />
* loss of coordination (at higher doses),<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* dry mouth.<br />
<br />
See [[Amphetamines]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== AMT ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* mood enhancement,<br />
* empathogenic properties,<br />
* occasional audio and visual experiences.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* nervousness,<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting (common),<br />
* tension headaches,<br />
* occasional muscular aches.<br />
<br />
See [[AMT]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Anabolic steroids ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* assists the male sexual function,<br />
* enhances libido,<br />
* increases production of red blood cells (good for building muscles),<br />
* enhanced muscle mass,<br />
* enhanced performance,<br />
* greater physical definition.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* liver damage (especially tablet form),<br />
* can reduce testicle size,<br />
* inability to get an erection,<br />
* sterility/impotence,<br />
* shrinking and hardening of testicles,<br />
* breast enlargement,<br />
* enlarged clitoris,<br />
* disruption to menstrual cycle,<br />
* growth of facial hair,<br />
* acne,<br />
* deepening of the voice.<br />
<br />
See [[Anabolic_Steroids]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Benzodiazepines ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* calm and relaxed,<br />
* induces long periods of sleep,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* euphoria.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* short-term memory loss,<br />
* reduced mental alertness,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* light-headedness,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* confusion.<br />
<br />
See [[Benzodiazepines]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Betel nut ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* greater energy,<br />
* reduced fatigue,<br />
* talkativeness,<br />
* excitability.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* discolouration of teeth and gums, sometimes turning them reddish-brown,<br />
* mouth ulcers and gum disease,<br />
* oral cancers or sub mucous fibrosis,<br />
* stomach ulcers,<br />
* heart disease.<br />
<br />
See [[Betel nut]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Buprenorphine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* disorientation.<br />
<br />
See [[Buprenorphine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== BZP ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* similar to amphetamines,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* [[euphoria]],<br />
* feelings of being alert,<br />
* full of energy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild headaches,<br />
* extreme fatigue but inability to sleep,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* stomach pain,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* irregular heartbeat,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* allergic reactions,<br />
* fever,<br />
* fits.<br />
<br />
See [[BZP]] for further information.<br />
<br />
== Caffeine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild stimulation,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* reduces feelings of tiredness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* sleeplessness,<br />
* tension,<br />
* palpitations,<br />
* anxiousness.<br />
<br />
See [[Caffeine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Citalopram ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relief of anxiety,<br />
* decrease in suicidal thoughts,<br />
* improves general quality of life,<br />
* improvements in mood.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* sexual dysfunction,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* hypertension,<br />
* sleep disturbances,<br />
* withdrawal,<br />
* dietary restrictions (for maois)<br />
<br />
See [[Citalopram]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Cocaine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* increased wakefulness,<br />
* increased confidence,<br />
* exhilaration,<br />
* elation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* increased chance of stroke and heart attack,<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* tension,<br />
* aggression.<br />
<br />
See [[Cocaine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Codeine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* good for opiate detox/reduction,<br />
* minor euphoric action,<br />
* less stigmatised (compared to other opiates),<br />
* calmness,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* pain relief.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* very constipating (could be considered positive if suffering from IBS-type symptoms),<br />
* minimum euphoria compared with other options,<br />
* dose conversion is difficult,<br />
* urine tests as morphine/heroin,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* itching and flushing of the skin.<br />
<br />
See [[Codeine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Dimethyltryptamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* visual perception (seeing bright colours, geometric shapes, 'soft edge' to objects),<br />
* intense dreams,<br />
* change in self-perception and identity (disconnection from senses when sought),<br />
* changes in consciousness,<br />
* distorted reality.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* hallucinations can become frightening (overly intense),<br />
* sense of disconnection from self,<br />
* effect/comedown can be rapid and abrupt,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* increased blood pressure,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting.<br />
<br />
See [[Dimethyltryptamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== DXM ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* mood lift,<br />
* increased giggling and laughing,<br />
* dissociation of mind from body,<br />
* creative dream-like experiences,<br />
* increased tactile sensation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* body itching,<br />
* rash, red blotchy skin,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* fever,<br />
* tachycardia.<br />
<br />
See [[DXM]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Ecstasy ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* feelings of empathy or emotional understanding in and between individuals,<br />
* exhilaration,<br />
* energy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* raised blood pressure,<br />
* raised body temperature,<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* nystagmus,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* anxiety.<br />
<br />
See [[Ecstasy]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Gabapentin ==<br />
<br />
==== Sought after effects ====<br />
<br />
* improved sociability,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* a sense of calm,<br />
* cannabis-like high.<br />
<br />
==== Undesired effects ====<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* sedation,<br />
* respiratory depression,<br />
* death,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* flatulence,<br />
* constipation or diarrhoea,<br />
* poor muscle control,<br />
* visual disturbances.<br />
<br />
See [[Gabapentin]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== GBL/GHB ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* uninhibited,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* relaxed feeling,<br />
* aids sleep,<br />
* a supplement for body building.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* loss of body control - effects similar to alcohol which can last for several hours,<br />
* feeling sick and being sick,<br />
* numb muscle and disorientation,<br />
* seizures and collapse,<br />
* psychosis and severe agitation,<br />
* tachycardia,<br />
* delirium,<br />
* auditory and visual hallucinations,<br />
* paranoia ,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* short-term memory loss.<br />
<br />
See [[GBL / GHB]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Heroin ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* powerful euphoriant,<br />
* relaxing effects,<br />
* feelings of wellbeing and freedom from worry,<br />
* intense rush,<br />
* exhilaration,<br />
* decreased anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* loss of balance,<br />
* overdose can be fatal,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* decreased heart-rate,<br />
* shallow breathing,<br />
* coma.<br />
<br />
See [[Heroin]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Hydromorphone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* intense pleasure,<br />
* physical relaxation and decreased tension,<br />
* decreased anxiety and worry,<br />
* increased sleepiness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* headache,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* decreased appetite,<br />
* feeling lightheaded or dizzy,<br />
* increased sweating,<br />
* hyperalgesia, or worsening pain,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* depression.<br />
<br />
See [[Hydromorphone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Inhalants ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* dreaminess,<br />
* relaxed,<br />
* fits of giggles (with laughing gas),<br />
* intoxication,<br />
* disinhibition,<br />
* reduced anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* can experience vomiting and blackouts,<br />
* mood swings,<br />
* aggressive behaviour and hallucinations,<br />
* potential breathing problems with chronic use,<br />
* memory impairment,<br />
* solvents and glue often perceived as a 'losers habit' in many circles,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* slurred speech,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* visual disturbance.<br />
<br />
See [[Inhalants]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Ketamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* pain relieving,<br />
* a feeling that mind is separate from the body - described as a floating feeling.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* causes loss of coordination,<br />
* numbness in limbs,<br />
* higher doses can cause an 'out-of-body' experience - the 'K hole,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* hallucinations.<br />
<br />
See [[Ketamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Khat ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoric high accompanied by a sensation down the spine and through the body,<br />
* talkative,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* mild excitement,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* excitement,<br />
* dilated pupils.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* It can cause excessive sleepiness and depression,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* hyperactivity,<br />
* constipation.<br />
<br />
See [[Khat]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Kratom ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* simultaneous stimulation and sedation,<br />
* feelings of empathy,<br />
* feelings of euphoria,<br />
* aphrodisiac qualities for some people,<br />
* vivid waking dreams,<br />
* increases sociability and talkativeness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild depression during and/or after,<br />
* increase in (perceived) body temperature (feel hot and sweaty),<br />
* desire to repeat experience more frequently than intended, can lead to addiction,<br />
* tolerance building quickly after a few days in a row of repeated use, tolerance to effects reduces with a one to three days of abstinence,<br />
* psychosis,<br />
* convulsions,<br />
* hallucinations.<br />
<br />
See [[Kratom]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== LSD ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* effects similar to magic mushrooms,<br />
* senses become distorted,<br />
* perceptual changes to time, space and meaning,<br />
* hallucinations,<br />
* hilarity.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortions can be frightening - 'bad trip',<br />
* can negatively affect people who have mental health problems,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* distortions in time and space.<br />
<br />
See [[LSD]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Marijuana ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mellow, calm feeling,<br />
* sense of well-being,<br />
* changes in senses, especially eating hash cakes,<br />
* often thought of as an aphrodisiac,<br />
* stimulates appetite,<br />
* pain killer (analgesic),<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* hilarity.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* increase in pulse rate,<br />
* drop in blood pressure,<br />
* sense of lethargy,<br />
* concerns about the effect on the mental health of the young,<br />
* can affect short term memory,<br />
* can affect coordination,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* low blood pressure,<br />
* short term memory loss,<br />
* increased appetite.<br />
<br />
See [[Marijuana]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== mCPP ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* feelings of empathy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* raised blood pressure,<br />
* raised body temperature,<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off.<br />
<br />
See [[mCPP]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== MDA ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* visual hallucinations,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* heightened feelings of intimacy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* panic attacks,<br />
* sweating.<br />
<br />
See [[MDA]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Mephedrone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
Effects have been noted as similar to cocaine and MDMA<br />
<br />
* feelings of happiness,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* sociable.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off,<br />
* anxiety.<br />
<br />
See [[Mephedrone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Mescaline == <br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* feelings of interconnectedness,<br />
* spiritual events,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* increased sensitivity to touch,<br />
* increased sense of smell,<br />
* music enhancement,<br />
* increased persistence of vision.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* unwanted spiritual experiences,<br />
* tension,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* intense feelings of dread and doom.<br />
<br />
See [[Mescaline]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methadone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* long-lasting and smooth action,<br />
* prevents heroin withdrawal symptoms.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* none of the pleasurable effects attributed to recreational opiate use,<br />
* light-headedness,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness.<br />
<br />
See [[Methadone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methamphetamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* increased energy,<br />
* talkativeness,<br />
* heightened libido,<br />
* increased alertness,<br />
* concentration,<br />
* enhance self-esteem,<br />
* appetite suppressant.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* panicky,<br />
* obsessive,<br />
* excessive sweating,<br />
* sexually irresponsible,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* tremors,<br />
* jaw-clenching,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* talkativeness.<br />
<br />
See [[Methamphetamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methoxetamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortion of senses,<br />
* dissociative state (feeling of detachment from the body and the wider world),<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* warmth and detachment,<br />
* calmness,<br />
* reduced anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* sometimes nausea and headaches,<br />
* may cause memory problems if used long-term.<br />
<br />
See [[Methoxetamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methylone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* feeling of 'one-ness',<br />
* empathy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* muscle tension,<br />
* nausea and vomiting,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* dizziness and confusion,<br />
* teeth-grinding ('gurning').<br />
<br />
See [[Methylone]] for further details<br />
<br />
== Methylphenidate ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* increased alertness,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* increased motivation,<br />
* abundance of energy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* increased body temperature,<br />
* tachycardia,<br />
* hypertension,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* racing thoughts,<br />
* insomnia.<br />
<br />
See [[Methylphenidate]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Morphine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* very effective painkiller (often the only effective pain relief for chronic pain syndromes),<br />
* wide range of formulations available,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* decreased anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* large dose usually required,<br />
* short-acting,<br />
* very 'prickly' when injected,<br />
* dose increases usually required (variable 'ceiling' dose),<br />
* doctors often reluctant to prescribe,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* respiratory depression,<br />
* constipation.<br />
<br />
See [[Morphine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Naltrexone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* least painful detox yet,<br />
* symptoms abate very quickly.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* cost,<br />
* [[NHS]] licensing in most cases when medicated.<br />
<br />
See [[Naltrexone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== New psychoactive substances ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* Varied. Many substances will have [[stimulant]] or hallucinogenic effects or a combination of both.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* Varied. See individual substances for more information, if available.<br />
<br />
See [[New psychoactive substances]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Nitrites ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* short intense rush,<br />
* intense exhilaration,<br />
* you get a huge rush of blood to the head - like you're hanging upside down or something,<br />
* if you're having sex, it increases all the good feelings every touch feels much nicer than normal,<br />
* you might feel light-headed, giddy, or just really hot,<br />
* some people feel like time has slowed down.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* flushing,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* headache,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* fainting,<br />
* erection difficulties,<br />
* sore throat,<br />
* painful eyes,<br />
* nasty skin rash.<br />
<br />
See [[Nitrites]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Nitrous oxide ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* mild euphoria (often giggling),<br />
* head rush/light headedness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* headaches,<br />
* nausea.<br />
* mood swings,<br />
* excessive use can cause breathing difficulties and heart problems,<br />
* it makes you clumsier than a drunk clown, lots of people fall over and hurt themselves,<br />
* it can make you feel like you're going to vomit, especially if you mix it with alcohol,<br />
* some people get an instant headache of epic proportions,<br />
* too much can make you faint.<br />
<br />
See [[Nitrous oxide]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== NRG-1 ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* excitable,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* increased awareness of surroundings,<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* prolonged wakefulness,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* urge to talk.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* lack of appetite and concentration,<br />
* memory problems with frequent use.<br />
<br />
See [[NRG-1]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Opium ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* calm,<br />
* drowsy,<br />
* dreamy state of mind,<br />
* initial stimulation,<br />
* enhanced imagination,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* decreased anxiety,<br />
* sleep.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
In normal sized doses -<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* decreased heart-rate,<br />
* shallow breathing.<br />
<br />
In large doses -<br />
<br />
* headaches,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* nausea.<br />
<br />
See [[Opium]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Oxycodone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* pain relief,<br />
* perceptions of less physical pain,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* release of muscular tension,<br />
* mental calm or relaxation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* CNS depression,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* slowed or difficult breathing,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* alternating periods of sleep and consciousness.<br />
<br />
See [[Oxycodone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Phenazepam ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
At low doses - <br />
<br />
* relaxing,<br />
* helps with sleep,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* relief of tension,<br />
* relief of anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
At higher doses -<br />
<br />
* dizziness<br />
* loss of memory (can be very profound at high doses),<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* light-headedness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* forgetfulness,<br />
* hiccups.<br />
<br />
See [[Phenazepam]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Phencyclidine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* disinhibition,<br />
* [[hallucinations]].<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* decreased sensitivity to pain,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* numbness,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* [[hallucinations]],<br />
* dissociation ('out-of-the-body' feelings).<br />
<br />
See [[Phencyclidine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Phenobarbital ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoric feelings,<br />
* reduced inhibition,<br />
* feelings of calm/relaxation,<br />
* increased ability to sleep.<br />
<br />
See [[Phenobarbital]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Piperazines ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
==== BZP - similar to amphetamines ====<br />
<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* euphoria.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
==== BZP ====<br />
<br />
* mild headaches,<br />
* fatigue,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* stomach pain,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* irregular heartbeat,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* allergic reactions,<br />
* fever,<br />
* fits.<br />
<br />
See [[Piperazines]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== PMMA/PMA ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* increase in energy,<br />
* minor visuals.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* hallucinations,<br />
* convulsions,<br />
* respiratory distress.<br />
<br />
See [[PMMA/PMA]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Psilocybin ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* senses become distorted,<br />
* changes to time, space and meaning - 'trips' can be ecstatic experiences,<br />
* at low doses, they can make you laugh like a hyena,<br />
* they distort all your senses and merge them together - you can hear the colour red, see the sound of laughter,<br />
* you have lots of deep and meaningful thoughts about the universe, and just feel a general brilliant insight into life,<br />
* time tends to pass more slowly, minutes seem like hours. Everything feels like a dream,<br />
* you feel really happy, calm, and generally tripped-out,<br />
* at higher dosages, you can have full-blown hallucinations, similar to an LSD trip, or see things even when your eyes are closed. If you see nice things, you generally have a fab time,<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortions or 'trips' like frightening paranoid nightmares,<br />
* can negatively affect people who have mental health problems,<br />
* what if you pick the wrong mushroom?! The biggest danger of magic mushrooms is eating a poisonous one by mistake,<br />
* you can get a crippling stomach ache and feel sick; some lucky users also get a bad dose of diarrhoea,<br />
* if you have a bad trip, you could be stuck with intense feelings of sheer terror until the drug wears off,<br />
* having a distorted view of reality can be pretty dangerous if you're trying to cross a road, or similar,<br />
* some users get a pretty bad headache that lasts for days afterwards.<br />
<br />
See [[Psilocybin]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Rohypnol ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxing,<br />
* sleepy,<br />
* reduced anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* aggressive behaviour,<br />
* deep and intense memory loss,<br />
* complete loss of movement and lack of coordination potentially leaving users very vulnerable.<br />
<br />
See [[Rohypnol]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Salvia divinorum ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* [[hallucinations]],<br />
* giggling,<br />
* reminiscence (bringing back happy memories),<br />
* can cause powerful hallucinations where you perceive other dimensions or experience alternate realities,<br />
* some people report a loss of physical coordination with trouble walking or standing,<br />
* uncontrollable laughter, usually at the beginning of the trip,<br />
* headaches can come on as salvia starts to wear off.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* sometimes scary distortions to senses.<br />
<br />
See [[Salvia divinorum]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Suboxone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* long-lasting,<br />
* less drowsy than methadone,<br />
* forces user into full withdrawal,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* feelings of euphoria,<br />
* feelings of calm and well-being,<br />
* reduced sensations of physical pain,<br />
* reduced cravings for other opiates.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* none of the pleasurable effects attributed to recreational opiate use,<br />
* cannot use heroin or other opiates on top,<br />
* headache,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* sweating.<br />
<br />
See [[Suboxone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Synthetic cannabinoids ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* happy and relaxed (in moderate doses),<br />
* synesthetic (one type of stimulation evokes the sensation of another sense) effects.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* problems with coordination,<br />
* [[paranoia]] and forgetfulness is possible but not known change whether it exists for all these chemicals,<br />
* dose/potency concerns.<br />
<br />
See [[Synthetic cannabinoids]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== TFMPP ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mildly hallucinogenic - i.e. changes the way your brain sees things (when used alone at higher doses),<br />
* in combination with [[BZP]], similar to [[MDMA]] ([[ecstasy]]).<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* migraines,<br />
* muscle pain,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* insomnia.<br />
<br />
See [[TFMPP]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Tobacco ==<br />
<br />
==== Sought after effects ====<br />
<br />
* satisfies cravings,<br />
* can give a sense of stress relief,<br />
* oral comfort,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation.<br />
<br />
==== Undesired effects ====<br />
<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* increased pulse rate and blood pressure.<br />
<br />
See [[Tobacco]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Tramadol ==<br />
<br />
==== Sought after effects ====<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* sleepiness,<br />
* pain relief,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* warmth,<br />
* well-being.<br />
<br />
==== Undesired effects ====<br />
<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* sleepiness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* tiredness,<br />
* vomiting.<br />
<br />
See [[Tramadol]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Zopiclone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* sleepiness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* amnesia,<br />
* depression,<br />
* cognitive impairment (confusion).<br />
<br />
See [[Zopiclone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=2C-B_(%26_other_2C-type_drugs)&diff=7222C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)2017-07-12T21:36:14Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Also known as ==<br />
<br />
Nexus, bees, venus, bromo mescaline, BDMPEA, 2cb, 2-CB, tripstacy, T-7, seventh-heaven, 7-UP, 2CT, 2CI, 2CE, 2C-T-7, 7th heaven, beautiful, blue mystic, lucky 7<br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
<br />
Psychedelic<br />
[[Category:psychedelics]]<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
2C-B is a psychedelic drug that changes the way the brain sees things and alters thoughts. The 2C family also includes: 2C-I, 2C-D, 2C-E <ref name="1337a">'''2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)''', 2017, http://www.release.org.uk/drugs/2c-b-other-2c-type-drugs</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Medical usage ==<br />
<br />
None <ref name="1354a">'''2CE''', 2013, http://www.dan247.org.uk/Drug_2CE.asp</ref>.<br />
<br />
== What does it look like? ==<br />
<br />
It is found as white powder or tablets/capsules <ref name="1337a"/>. 2C drugs are normally sold as pills or powders, usually a white powder, but this could vary. For example, 2CB and 2CT-7 have been sold as white powders or tiny 5mg pills. A liquid form of 2CI has been reported in Denmark and the US <ref name="1351a">'''2C''', 2017, http://www.talktofrank.com/drug/2c</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Street price ==<br />
<br />
Prices vary from region to region but may be around £2 - £5 for 2C-Bs £3 per pill for 2CT-7s <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Why take it? ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
Effects are similar to, but less intense than, [[LSD]] and [[mushrooms]] -<br />
<br />
* senses become distorted - e.g. you may taste things that you can see…<br />
* changes to time, space and meaning <ref name="1337a"/>,<br />
* [[hallucination]]s,<br />
* altered state of consciousness,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* distortions in the perception of time <ref name="1354a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* unwanted visions and distorted thoughts can be frightening - '[[bad trip]]',<br />
* can negatively affect people who have mental health problems <ref name="1337a"/>,<br />
* feelings of general discomfort,<br />
* [[nausea]],<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* itching,<br />
* prolonged tensing of muscles and shuddering,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* [[diarrhoea]] <ref name="1354a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Dosage ==<br />
<br />
=== Abuse ===<br />
<br />
==== Oral ====<br />
<br />
* threshold - 2 - 10 mg,<br />
* light - 10 - 20 mg <ref name="1338a">'''2C-B''', 2017, https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/2C-B</ref>, 5 - 15 mg <ref name="1349a">'''2C-B''', 2017, http://drugs.tripsit.me/2c-b</ref>.<br />
* common - 20 - 35 mg <ref name="1338a"/>, 15 - 30 mg <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
* strong - 35 - 55 mg <ref name="1338a"/>, 30 - 50 mg <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
* heavy - 55 mg + <ref name="1338a"/>, 50 mg + <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Insufflated or rectally ====<br />
<br />
* light - 5 - 10 mg,<br />
* common - 10 - 20 mg,<br />
* strong - 20 - 30 mg,<br />
* heavy - 30 mg + <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
<br />
== How long do its effects last? ==<br />
<br />
=== Onset of effects ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 45 - 75 minutes <ref name="1338a"/>, 20 - 75 minutes <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
* insufflated - 1 - 10 minutes <ref name="1349a"/>,<br />
* rectally - 5 - 20 minutes <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Come up ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 15 - 30 minutes <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Peak ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 2 - 4 hours <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Offset ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 1 - 2 hours <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Duration of effects ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 4 - 8 hours <ref name="1338a"/>, <ref name="1349a"/>,<br />
* insufflated - 2 - 4 hours <ref name="1349a"/>,<br />
* rectally - 3 - 5 hours <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== After-effects ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 2 - 4 hours <ref name="1338a"/>, <ref name="1349a"/>,<br />
* insufflated - 2 - 4 hours <ref name="1349a"/>,<br />
* rectally - 2 - 4 hours <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Pharmacology ==<br />
<br />
There is not much information regarding the pharmacological action of 2C-B and other 2C hallucinogenic drugs despite first being synthesised many years ago.<br />
<br />
In common with other hallucinogenic drugs, 2C-B and other 2C drugs bind to a specific type of serotonin receptor. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter mainly present in the central nervous system that plays a key role the stimulating mood, appetite and sleep regulation. Unlike other hallucinogenic drugs, the stimulation of these receptors by 2C-B and other 2C compounds is greatly reduced, if not inhibited.<br />
<br />
Some evidence suggests that the hallucinogenic effects of the 2C compounds are produced through binding with a different type of serotonin receptor, though this is yet to be confirmed <ref name="1337a"/>.<br />
<br />
Unlike most psychedelics, 2C-B has been shown to be a low efficacy serotonin 5-HT2A receptor partial agonist <ref name="1345a">Moya, P. R. and Berg, K. A. and Gutiérrez-Hernandez, M. A. and Sáez-Briones, P. and Reyes-Parada, M. and Cassels, B. K. and Clarke, W. P., '''Functional Selectivity of Hallucinogenic Phenethylamine and Phenylisopropylamine Derivatives at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A and 5-HT2C Receptors''', ''Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics'', 2007, 321, 3, 1054-1061, https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.117507, http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/321/3/1054</ref> or even full antagonist <ref name="1346a">Villalobos, C. A. and Bull, P. and Sáez, P. and Cassels, B. K. and Huidobro-Toro, J. P., '''4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) and structurally related phenylethylamines are potent 5-HT2A receptor antagonists in Xenopus laevis oocytes''', ''British Journal of Pharmacology'', 2004, 141, 7, 1167-1174, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705722, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705722/abstract</ref>. This suggests that the 5-HT2C receptor is primarily responsible for mediating the effects experienced by users of 2C-B <ref name="1345a"/>. Research also suggests that 2C-B increases dopamine levels in the brains of rats which may contribute to its psychoactivity <ref name="1347a">Páleníček, T., Fujáková, M., Brunovský, M. et all, '''Behavioral, neurochemical and pharmaco-EEG profiles of the psychedelic drug 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) in rats''', ''Psychopharmacology'', 2013, 225, 1, 75-93, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2797-7, https://link.springer.com/article/10.10072Fs00213-012-2797-7</ref>, <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Lethal dosage ===<br />
<br />
There is no current data for the [[LD50]] of 2C-B, but it is thought to be considerably higher than the active dose. Alexander Shulgin reported a 100 mg oral dose taken without apparent harm <ref name="1339a">Shulgin, A. and Shulgin, A., '''Erowid Online Books: "PIHKAL" - The Chemical Story''', 1991, https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml</ref>, <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Toxicity ===<br />
<br />
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 2C-B use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context, and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 2C-B within the psychedelic community suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to trying this drug, but nothing can be completely guaranteed <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Tolerance ===<br />
<br />
2C-B is not habit-forming and the desire to use it can actually decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating.<br />
<br />
Tolerance to the effects of 2C-B are not built almost immediately after ingestion as with other psychedelics. There are many anecdotal reports of people ingesting this substance many days in a row with no immediate tolerance build up <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
== How is it taken? ==<br />
<br />
* '''swallowed''' - tablets/capsules are swallowed (ingested),<br />
* '''snorted''' - usually divided into lines and snorted (insufflated) via rolled up paper or 'bumped'/'keyed' i.e. small amount sniffed <ref name="1337a"/>.<br />
<br />
The drug is usually taken orally, but can also be taken by rectal or intravenous administration, insufflated or vaporised <ref name="1338a"/>. Users tend to swallow several pills at a time, or snort them. Other ways of taking drugs, such as by smoking, appear to be less common <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Signs of usage ==<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* [[diarrhoea]],<br />
* wind (also known as [[flatus]]),<br />
* muscle tension or spasms,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* increased heartbeat,<br />
* increased blood pressure,<br />
* confusion or disorientation,<br />
* inability to concentrate,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* delirium <ref name="1352a">'''2C-B / 2C-T-7''', 2017, https://drugfree.org/drug/2c-b-2c-t-7/</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Effects ==<br />
<br />
=== Physical effects ===<br />
<br />
* physical euphoria,<br />
* pupil dilation,<br />
* spontaneous physical sensations,<br />
* bodily control enhancement,<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* tactile enhancement,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* increased blood pressure,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* increased perspiration,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* teeth grinding <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Cognitive effects ===<br />
<br />
* conceptual thinking,<br />
* delusions,<br />
* perception of eternalism,<br />
* time distortion,<br />
* analysis enhancement,<br />
* creativity enhancement,<br />
* emotionality enhancement,<br />
* empathy, affection and sociability enhancement,<br />
* immersion enhancement,<br />
* increased libido,<br />
* increased music appreciation,<br />
* increased sense of humour,<br />
* novelty enhancement,<br />
* rejuvenation,<br />
* thought acceleration,<br />
* thought connectivity,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* memory suppression,<br />
* personal bias suppression,<br />
* existential self-realisation,<br />
* perception of eternalism,<br />
* perception of interdependent opposites,<br />
* perception of predeterminism,<br />
* perception of self-design,<br />
* spirituality enhancement,<br />
* unity and interconnectedness <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Visual effects ===<br />
<br />
* acuity enhancement,<br />
* colour enhancement,<br />
* magnification,<br />
* pattern recognition enhancement,<br />
* after images,<br />
* colour shifting,<br />
* depth perception distortions,<br />
* drifting,<br />
* recursion,<br />
* scenery slicing,<br />
* symmetrical texture repetition,<br />
* tracers,<br />
* autonomous entities,<br />
* internal hallucinations,<br />
* peripheral information misinterpretation,<br />
* perspective alterations,<br />
* scenarios and plots,<br />
* settings, sceneries, and landscapes,<br />
* transformations <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Auditory effects ===<br />
<br />
* auditory distortion,<br />
* auditory enhancement,<br />
* auditory [[hallucination]]s <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Multi-sensory ===<br />
<br />
* synaesthesia <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Positive ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* giggling,<br />
* empathy,<br />
* personal insight,<br />
* enhanced colours,<br />
* closed and open eye visuals,<br />
* enhanced tactile sensation <ref name="1350a">'''2C-B''', 2017, https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/2C-B</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Neutral ===<br />
<br />
* decreased appetite,<br />
* pupil dilation,<br />
* time dilation <ref name="1350a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Negative ===<br />
<br />
* restlessness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* chills,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* [[insomnia]],<br />
* muscle tension,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* [[vasoconstriction]] <ref name="1350a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
2C drugs are not that common in Britain but we do know some of the possible risks -<br />
<br />
* they may cause headaches, [[nausea]] and vomiting,<br />
* panic attacks and even an acute [[psychosis]] has been reported,<br />
* at high doses, more serious confused, agitated or even delirious states have been reported,<br />
* there is a risk of over-stimulating the heart and circulation,<br />
* evidence from other drugs like ecstasy and [[LSD]] suggest that regular use may leave people tired, low and anxious when they stop using these types of drugs regularly or at high doses,<br />
* it's not yet known if they cause any long term damage but there have been numerous hospitalisations associated with use of these types of drugs, and a case reported of associated neurological damage and one case of a fatal overdose <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== 2C drugs and alcohol ===<br />
<br />
Mixing 2C drugs with alcohol may have serious consequences - mixing any stimulant drugs and alcohol can substantially increase their risks <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Short-term ===<br />
<br />
* visual disturbances,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* panic attacks,<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* [[hyperthermia]],<br />
* palpitations,<br />
* anxiety <ref name="1354a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Purity ==<br />
<br />
2C drugs are not that common in Britain so facts about purity are difficult to get hold of <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Addiction ==<br />
<br />
=== Can you get addicted ===<br />
<br />
2C drugs are relatively new drugs to the market so currently there's very little information about their addictiveness.<br />
<br />
They are not the type of drugs on which people are likely to become physically dependent.<br />
<br />
However, both tolerance and psychological dependence have been reported in stimulant drugs, such as ecstasy, that act like 2C drugs <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Interactions ==<br />
<br />
2C-B increases dopamine levels and also has an effect on serotonin. Therefore, 2C-B may react negatively with serotonic drugs like anti-depressants and tramadol <ref name="1350a"/>.<br />
<br />
Although many substances are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be relatively harmless in low doses of each but can still increase the risk of unpredictable injury or death. Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
* '''[[Tramadol]]''' - Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold <ref name="1348a">Talaie, H. and Panahandeh, R. and Fayaznouri, M. R. and Asadi, Z. and Abdollahi, M., '''Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol''', ''Journal of Medical Toxicology'', 2009, 5, 2, 63-67, https://dx.doi.org/10.10072FBF03161089, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19415589</ref> and psychedelics may act as triggers for seizures, particularly in those who are predisposed to them.<br />
* '''Stimulants''' - Stimulants affect many parts of the brain. Combined with psychedelics, stimulation can turn into uncontrollable anxiety, panic, [[thought loops]] and [[paranoia]]. This interaction may cause elevated risk of psychosis.<br />
* '''Lithium''' - Lithium is often used as treatment for bipolar disorder. It may possibly cause elevated risk of seizures and psychosis due to its glutaminergic and GABAergic effects <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Dangerous ===<br />
<br />
* '''αMT''' <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Unsafe ===<br />
<br />
* '''[[Tramadol]]''' - Tramadol is well known to lower seizure threshold and psychedelics raise the risk of seizures <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Caution ===<br />
<br />
* '''[[Mescaline]]''',<br />
* '''DOx''',<br />
* '''NBOMes''',<br />
* '''2C-T-x''',<br />
* '''5-MeO-xxT''' - The 5-MeO psychedelics can interact unpredictably to potentiate other psychedelics<br />
* '''[[Marijuana|Cannabis]]''' - [[Marijuana|Cannabis]] has an unexpectedly strong and somewhat unpredictable synergy with psychedelics.<br />
* '''Amphetamines''' - The [[anxiogenic]] and focusing effects of stimulants increase the chance of unpleasant [[thought loops]]. The combination is generally uneccessary because of the stimulating effects of psychedelics. Combination of the stimulating effects may be uncomfortable.<br />
* '''[[Cocaine]]''' - The [[anxiogenic]] and focusing effects of stimulants increase the chance of unpleasant [[thought loops]]. The combination is generally unnecessary because of the stimulating effects of psychedelics. Combination of the stimulating effects may be uncomfortable.<br />
* '''MAOIs''' - MAO-B inhibitors can increase the potency and duration of phenethylamines unpredictably <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Withdrawal ==<br />
<br />
=== Mood changes ===<br />
<br />
* depression,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* [[paranoia]],<br />
* panic,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* suicidal thinking,<br />
* suicidal behaviour <ref name="1353a">'''Synthetic Hallucinogens''', 2017, http://www.castlecraig.co.uk/resources/drugs/types-drugs/synthetic-hallucinogens</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Physical symptoms ===<br />
<br />
* tremors,<br />
* sleep disturbance <ref name="1353a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Legality ==<br />
<br />
For a '2C' drug to be illegal it must fulfil the criteria set out by the generic definition for the phenethylamine family of drugs.<br />
<br />
2CI, 2CE, 2CB and 2CT-7 meet this generic definition and are Class A drugs which means that it's illegal to have for yourself, give away or sell.<br />
<br />
Possession can get you up to seven years in prison and/or an unlimited fine.<br />
<br />
Supplying someone else, even your friends, can get you a life sentence a life sentence in jail and/or an unlimited fine <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== What if you're caught? ===<br />
<br />
If the Police catch you with a 2C drug, like 2CI, 2CE, 2CB and 2CT-7, they'll always take some action. This could include a formal caution, arrest and prosecution <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
* A conviction for a drug-related offence could have a serious impact. It can stop you visiting certain countries - for example the United States - and limit the types of jobs you can apply for <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Did you know? ===<br />
<br />
* Like drinking and driving, driving while impaired by a 2C drug is illegal - you can get a heavy fine, be disqualified from driving or even go to prison.<br />
* Allowing other people to supply drugs in your house or any other premises is illegal. If the police catch people supplying illegal drugs in a club they can potentially prosecute the landlord, club owner or any person concerned in the management of the premises <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Mixing with other drugs ==<br />
<br />
* '''[[Marijuana|Cannabis]]''' - When used in combination with [[Marijuana|cannabis]], both the visual and cognitive effects of 2C-B can be intensified and extended with extreme efficiency. This should be used with extreme caution if one is not experienced with psychedelics as this can also amplify the anxiety, confusion and psychosis producing aspects of cannabis significantly.<br />
* '''Dissociatives''' - When used in combination with dissociatives, the geometry, euphoria, dissociation and hallucinatory effects are often greatly enhanced. Dissociative-induced holes, spaces, and voids while under the influence of 2C-B have significantly more vivid visuals than dissociatives alone present, and more intense internal hallucinations, and corresponding confusion which can spontaneously manifest as delusions and psychosis.<br />
* '''[[Nitrous oxide]]''' ("Laughing gas") - is commonly used in combination with psychedelics. The two are known to possess powerful cross-synergistic effects, including the capacity to send the user directly into an "ego death" state. The speed and intensity with which this occurs is very rapid and the euphoria that can result often leads to the urge to compulsively redose.<br />
* '''[[Ecstasy|MDMA]]''' - When used in conjunction with [[Ecstasy|MDMA]], the physical and cognitive effects of [[Ecstasy|MDMA]] are amplified. The visual, physical and cognitive effects of 2C-B are also intensified with an overwhelming euphoric pleasure manifested through uniquely pleasurable body highs and headspaces, and uniquely colourful and awe-inspiring visuals. The synergy between these substances is unpredictable, and it is best to start with markedly lower dosages than one would take for both substances individually. Additionally, users should be aware that there are reasons to believe that this combination may result in unforeseen neurotoxic effects, so a strong sense of caution and independent research are highly advised if one decides to experiment with this combination.<br />
* '''[[Alcohol]]''' - This interaction is not typically recommended due to [[alcohol]]'s ability to cause dehydration and nausea and physical fatigue which can negatively affect a trip if taken in moderate to high dosages. This combination is, however, reasonably safe in low doses and can often "take the edge off" a trip as well as dull its psychedelic effects in a fashion somewhat similar to benzodiazepines, albeit in a more physically taxing way.<br />
* '''Benzodiazepines''' - When used in combination with benzodiazepines, benzodiazepines can, depending on the dosage, slightly to completely reduce the intensity of the cognitive, physical and visual effects of an 2C-B experience. They are very efficient at stopping "bad trips" at the cost of amnesia and reduced trip intensity. Caution is advised when acquiring them for this purpose due to the very high dependence and addiction potential that benzodiazepines possess.<br />
* '''Psychedelics''' - When used in combination with other psychedelics, each substance's physical, cognitive and visual effects intensify and synergise strongly. The synergy between those substances is unpredictable, and for this reason generally not advised. If choosing to combine psychedelics, it is recommended to start with significantly lower dosages than one would take for either substance individually <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Harm reduction ==<br />
<br />
2C-I is sometimes mistaken for [[25I-N-BOMe]] (sometimes referred to as 2C-I-NBOMe) due to their similar appearance, effects and names. 25I, however, is far more potent than 2C-I, and as a result should be taken at much lower doses than 25I<br />
<br />
2C-B is not known to be physically addictive, but like all such substances a user can develop a psychological dependence (feeling like they need to keep taking it). A short term tolerance can build up if it is used for two or more days in a row, but this will reduce fairly quickly. If you're a regular user, it's therefore advisable to have a break of a few days each week, or longer if you start to notice any side-effects or that the drug is no longer taking effect.<br />
<br />
2C-B can interact negatively with several types of medication, particularly certain anti-depressants, so if you are taking these it is advisable to avoid using 2C-B.<br />
<br />
If you have any mental health problems, or are going through a particularly emotionally difficult part of your life, you should think very carefully about taking any of the 2C drugs. The experiences they produce can be frightening and overwhelming to inexperienced users, and can trigger panic attacks or episodes of psychosis in those vulnerable to them.<br />
<br />
As 2C-B is often used as a 'party drug' along the lines of Ecstasy, users can get a rush that will make them feel they need to dance; it is important to remember that you will become dehydrated very quickly when being very active, particularly in a hot place like a club or party, so it is important to stay hydrated, drink water regularly, and try not to drink too much alcohol, avoid it if possible.<br />
<br />
* it's easy to get disorientated, so make sure you're somewhere you feel safe, with people you know and trust, and that you know how to get home,<br />
* 2C-B can make you feel very emotionally open and tactile (wanting to feel contact with other people) so be aware of your surroundings, stay close to friends (or at least make sure they know where you are), don't go off alone with people you don't completely trust and if you have a drink, keep it with you at all times <ref name="1337a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Paraphernalia ==<br />
<br />
If the drug is snorted - a razor blade will be used to chop it in to lines on a hard level surface such as a mirror or a sheet of glass or a tile <ref name="1354a"/>.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
2C-B was first synthesised in the lab of Alexander Shulgin in 1974, with the results published in a paper with Michael Carter in 1975. In the 1980's it began to be sold as an alternative to [[Ecstasy|MDMA]], but was quickly recognised to have interesting properties in its own right.<br />
<br />
Shulgin continued to experiment with derivatives of the 2C base, and the numerous other letters that are linked to it have produced varying degrees of psychedelic effect. However, most have very little recorded history of human consumption and are not regularly found for sale, so it is not practical to discuss them separately in depth. 2C-T-7 ('Blue Mystic') is the only other to have had a notable, though brief, spell of popularity as an internet-sold drug around the turn of the millennium. It is a powerful psychedelic taken orally (snorting it creates a serious risk of overdose, and has been associated with several deaths) noted for the vivid and colourful hallucinations it can produce <ref name="1337a"/>.<br />
<br />
2C-B was first synthesised and discovered by Alexander Shulgin in 1974. He later published his findings on 2C-B in his 1991 book PiHKAL <ref name="1339a"/>, and included it among the "magical half dozen" of psychedelic phenethylamines he deemed most important <ref name="1340a">Shulgin, A. and Shulgin, A., '''''Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved''''', 2016, http://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?id=20</ref>. In interviews, Alexander Shulgin has repeatedly declared it his favourite psychedelic trip <ref name="1341a">Biello, D., '''Self-Experimenters: Psychedelic Chemist Explores the Surreality of Inner Space, One Drug at a Time''', ''Scientific American'', 2008, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/self-experimenter-chemist-explores-new-psychedelics/</ref>.<br />
<br />
In the 1970s, 2C-B was used in patients by a small number of psychotherapists in the United States. These therapists reported the drug created a warm, empathetic bond between them and their patients. The therapists also said the drug helped break down a patient's ego defenses and inner resistances, allowing the patient to get in touch with suppressed emotions and repressed memories <ref name="1342a">Wells, K. R., '''2C-B (Nexus)''', 2017, http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/2c-b-nexus</ref>. The gentle nature of 2C-B, in addition to its mild side-effects and short duration, was found to be desirable traits for in the therapeutic setting.<br />
<br />
Not long after the drug gained traction in the medical community, 2C-B became popular in the recreational drug scene. 2C-B was well liked as an [[Ecstasy|MDMA]] substitute ideal for raves and parties with minimal comedown and a clear euphoric headspace.<br />
<br />
In the 1980's and early 1990's, several foreign companies legitimately manufactured 2C-B under the brand names Nexus, Erox, and Performax and advertised that it would alleviate impotence, frigidity, and diminished libido. It was sold at adult book and video stores, "head" shops, and some nightclubs. The [[DEA]] reported it to be sold in Miami, FL as yellow pills marketed as an aphrodisiac.<br />
<br />
After [[Ecstasy|MDMA]] was classified as Schedule I by the United States in 1985, 2C-B gained popularity as an alternative to the now illegal party drug. Its increasing popularity caused it to be placed in Schedule I in 1995 <ref name="1343a">'''2C-B (Nexus) Reappears on the Club Drug Scene''', 2001, https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs0/665/</ref>. Its use has since seen a resurgence due to the advent of online research chemical vendors.<br />
<br />
2C-B is used as entheogen by the Sangoma, Nyanga, and Amagqirha people over their traditional plants; they refer to the chemical as Ubulawu Nomathotholo, which roughly translates to "Medicine of the Singing Ancestors" <ref name="1344a">'''History of Nexus''', 2016, http://www.tacethno.com/info/2cb/2cbhistory.html</ref>, <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
2C-B was first synthesised in 1974 by Alexander Shulgin, and it first saw use among the psychiatric community as an aid during therapy. It was considered one of the best drugs for this purpose because of its short duration, relative absence of side-effects, and comparably mild nature. Shortly after becoming popular in the medical community, it became popular recreationally. 2C-B was first sold commercially as an aphrodisiac under the trade name "Eros", which was manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company Drittewelle. For many years after it was available as tablets in Dutch smart shops under the name "Nexus" <ref name="1350a"/>.<br />
<br />
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== References ==<br />
<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=2C-B_(%26_other_2C-type_drugs)&diff=7212C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)2017-07-12T21:26:07Z<p>Sharon: Created page with "== Also known as == Nexus, bees, venus, bromo mescaline, BDMPEA, 2cb, 2-CB, tripstacy, T-7, seventh-heaven, 7-UP, 2CT, 2CI, 2CE, 2C-T-7, 7th heaven, beautiful, blue mystic, l..."</p>
<hr />
<div>== Also known as ==<br />
<br />
Nexus, bees, venus, bromo mescaline, BDMPEA, 2cb, 2-CB, tripstacy, T-7, seventh-heaven, 7-UP, 2CT, 2CI, 2CE, 2C-T-7, 7th heaven, beautiful, blue mystic, lucky 7<br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
<br />
Psychedelic<br />
[[Category:psychedelics]]<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
2C-B is a psychedelic drug that changes the way the brain sees things and alters thoughts. The 2C family also includes: 2C-I, 2C-D, 2C-E <ref name="1337a">'''2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)''', 2017, http://www.release.org.uk/drugs/2c-b-other-2c-type-drugs</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Medical usage ==<br />
<br />
None <ref name="1354a">'''2CE''', 2013, http://www.dan247.org.uk/Drug_2CE.asp</ref>.<br />
<br />
== What does it look like? ==<br />
<br />
It is found as white powder or tablets/capsules <ref name="1337a"/>. 2C drugs are normally sold as pills or powders, usually a white powder, but this could vary. For example, 2CB and 2CT-7 have been sold as white powders or tiny 5mg pills. A liquid form of 2CI has been reported in Denmark and the US <ref name="1351a">'''2C''', 2017, http://www.talktofrank.com/drug/2c</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Street price ==<br />
<br />
Prices vary from region to region but may be around £2 - £5 for 2C-Bs £3 per pill for 2CT-7s <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Why take it? ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
Effects are similar to, but less intense than, [[LSD]] and [[mushrooms]] -<br />
<br />
* senses become distorted - e.g. you may taste things that you can see…<br />
* changes to time, space and meaning <ref name="1337a"/>,<br />
* hallucinations,<br />
* altered state of consciousness,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* distortions in the perception of time <ref name="1354a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* unwanted visions and distorted thoughts can be frightening - 'bad trip',<br />
* can negatively affect people who have mental health problems <ref name="1337a"/>,<br />
* feelings of general discomfort,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* itching,<br />
* prolonged tensing of muscles and shuddering,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* diarrhoea <ref name="1354a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Dosage ==<br />
<br />
=== Abuse ===<br />
<br />
==== Oral ====<br />
<br />
* threshold - 2 - 10 mg,<br />
* light - 10 - 20 mg <ref name="1338a">'''2C-B''', 2017, https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/2C-B</ref>, 5 - 15 mg <ref name="1349a">'''2C-B''', 2017, http://drugs.tripsit.me/2c-b</ref>.<br />
* common - 20 - 35 mg <ref name="1338a"/>, 15 - 30 mg <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
* strong - 35 - 55 mg <ref name="1338a"/>, 30 - 50 mg <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
* heavy - 55 mg + <ref name="1338a"/>, 50 mg + <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Insufflated or rectally ====<br />
<br />
* light - 5 - 10 mg,<br />
* common - 10 - 20 mg,<br />
* strong - 20 - 30 mg,<br />
* heavy - 30 mg + <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
<br />
== How long do its effects last? ==<br />
<br />
=== Onset of effects ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 45 - 75 minutes <ref name="1338a"/>, 20 - 75 minutes <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
* insufflated - 1 - 10 minutes <ref name="1349a"/>,<br />
* rectally - 5 - 20 minutes <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Come up ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 15 - 30 minutes <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Peak ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 2 - 4 hours <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Offset ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 1 - 2 hours <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Duration of effects ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 4 - 8 hours <ref name="1338a"/>, <ref name="1349a"/>,<br />
* insufflated - 2 - 4 hours <ref name="1349a"/>,<br />
* rectally - 3 - 5 hours <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== After-effects ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 2 - 4 hours <ref name="1338a"/>, <ref name="1349a"/>,<br />
* insufflated - 2 - 4 hours <ref name="1349a"/>,<br />
* rectally - 2 - 4 hours <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Pharmacology ==<br />
<br />
There is not much information regarding the pharmacological action of 2C-B and other 2C hallucinogenic drugs despite first being synthesised many years ago.<br />
<br />
In common with other hallucinogenic drugs, 2C-B and other 2C drugs bind to a specific type of serotonin receptor. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter mainly present in the central nervous system that plays a key role the stimulating mood, appetite and sleep regulation. Unlike other hallucinogenic drugs, the stimulation of these receptors by 2C-B and other 2C compounds is greatly reduced, if not inhibited.<br />
<br />
Some evidence suggests that the hallucinogenic effects of the 2C compounds are produced through binding with a different type of serotonin receptor, though this is yet to be confirmed <ref name="1337a"/>.<br />
<br />
Unlike most psychedelics, 2C-B has been shown to be a low efficacy serotonin 5-HT2A receptor partial agonist <ref name="1345a">Moya, P. R. and Berg, K. A. and Gutiérrez-Hernandez, M. A. and Sáez-Briones, P. and Reyes-Parada, M. and Cassels, B. K. and Clarke, W. P., '''Functional Selectivity of Hallucinogenic Phenethylamine and Phenylisopropylamine Derivatives at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A and 5-HT2C Receptors''', ''Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics'', 2007, 321, 3, 1054-1061, https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.117507, http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/321/3/1054</ref> or even full antagonist <ref name="1346a">Villalobos, C. A. and Bull, P. and Sáez, P. and Cassels, B. K. and Huidobro-Toro, J. P., '''4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) and structurally related phenylethylamines are potent 5-HT2A receptor antagonists in Xenopus laevis oocytes''', ''British Journal of Pharmacology'', 2004, 141, 7, 1167-1174, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705722, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705722/abstract</ref>. This suggests that the 5-HT2C receptor is primarily responsible for mediating the effects experienced by users of 2C-B <ref name="1345a"/>. Research also suggests that 2C-B increases dopamine levels in the brains of rats which may contribute to its psychoactivity <ref name="1347a">Páleníček, T., Fujáková, M., Brunovský, M. et all, '''Behavioral, neurochemical and pharmaco-EEG profiles of the psychedelic drug 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) in rats''', ''Psychopharmacology'', 2013, 225, 1, 75-93, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2797-7, https://link.springer.com/article/10.10072Fs00213-012-2797-7</ref>, <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Lethal dosage ===<br />
<br />
There is no current data for the [[LD50]] of 2C-B, but it is thought to be considerably higher than the active dose. Alexander Shulgin reported a 100 mg oral dose taken without apparent harm <ref name="1339a">Shulgin, A. and Shulgin, A., '''Erowid Online Books: "PIHKAL" - The Chemical Story''', 1991, https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml</ref>, <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Toxicity ===<br />
<br />
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 2C-B use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context, and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 2C-B within the psychedelic community suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to trying this drug, but nothing can be completely guaranteed <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Tolerance ===<br />
<br />
2C-B is not habit-forming and the desire to use it can actually decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating.<br />
<br />
Tolerance to the effects of 2C-B are not built almost immediately after ingestion as with other psychedelics. There are many anecdotal reports of people ingesting this substance many days in a row with no immediate tolerance build up <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
== How is it taken? ==<br />
<br />
* '''swallowed''' - tablets/capsules are swallowed (ingested),<br />
* '''snorted''' - usually divided into lines and snorted (insufflated) via rolled up paper or 'bumped'/'keyed' i.e. small amount sniffed <ref name="1337a"/>.<br />
<br />
The drug is usually taken orally, but can also be taken by rectal or intravenous administration, insufflated or vaporised <ref name="1338a"/>. Users tend to swallow several pills at a time, or snort them. Other ways of taking drugs, such as by smoking, appear to be less common <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Signs of usage ==<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* wind (also known as flatus),<br />
* muscle tension or spasms,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* increased heartbeat,<br />
* increased blood pressure,<br />
* confusion or disorientation,<br />
* inability to concentrate,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* delirium <ref name="1352a">'''2C-B / 2C-T-7''', 2017, https://drugfree.org/drug/2c-b-2c-t-7/</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Effects ==<br />
<br />
=== Physical effects ===<br />
<br />
* physical euphoria,<br />
* pupil dilation,<br />
* spontaneous physical sensations,<br />
* bodily control enhancement,<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* tactile enhancement,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* increased blood pressure,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* increased perspiration,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* teeth grinding <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Cognitive effects ===<br />
<br />
* conceptual thinking,<br />
* delusions,<br />
* perception of eternalism,<br />
* time distortion,<br />
* analysis enhancement,<br />
* creativity enhancement,<br />
* emotionality enhancement,<br />
* empathy, affection and sociability enhancement,<br />
* immersion enhancement,<br />
* increased libido,<br />
* increased music appreciation,<br />
* increased sense of humour,<br />
* novelty enhancement,<br />
* rejuvenation,<br />
* thought acceleration,<br />
* thought connectivity,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* memory suppression,<br />
* personal bias suppression,<br />
* existential self-realisation,<br />
* perception of eternalism,<br />
* perception of interdependent opposites,<br />
* perception of predeterminism,<br />
* perception of self-design,<br />
* spirituality enhancement,<br />
* unity and interconnectedness <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Visual effects ===<br />
<br />
* acuity enhancement,<br />
* colour enhancement,<br />
* magnification,<br />
* pattern recognition enhancement,<br />
* after images,<br />
* colour shifting,<br />
* depth perception distortions,<br />
* drifting,<br />
* recursion,<br />
* scenery slicing,<br />
* symmetrical texture repetition,<br />
* tracers,<br />
* autonomous entities,<br />
* internal hallucinations,<br />
* peripheral information misinterpretation,<br />
* perspective alterations,<br />
* scenarios and plots,<br />
* settings, sceneries, and landscapes,<br />
* transformations <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Auditory effects ===<br />
<br />
* auditory distortion,<br />
* auditory enhancement,<br />
* auditory hallucinations <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Multi-sensory ===<br />
<br />
* synaesthesia <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Positive ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* giggling,<br />
* empathy,<br />
* personal insight,<br />
* enhanced colours,<br />
* closed and open eye visuals,<br />
* enhanced tactile sensation <ref name="1350a">'''2C-B''', 2017, https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/2C-B</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Neutral ===<br />
<br />
* decreased appetite,<br />
* pupil dilation,<br />
* time dilation <ref name="1350a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Negative ===<br />
<br />
* restlessness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* chills,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* muscle tension,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* vasoconstriction <ref name="1350a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
2C drugs are not that common in Britain but we do know some of the possible risks -<br />
<br />
* they may cause headaches, nausea and vomiting,<br />
* panic attacks and even an acute psychosis has been reported,<br />
* at high doses, more serious confused, agitated or even delirious states have been reported,<br />
* there is a risk of over-stimulating the heart and circulation,<br />
* evidence from other drugs like ecstasy and LSD suggest that regular use may leave people tired, low and anxious when they stop using these types of drugs regularly or at high doses,<br />
* it's not yet known if they cause any long term damage but there have been numerous hospitalisations associated with use of these types of drugs, and a case reported of associated neurological damage and one case of a fatal overdose <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== 2C drugs and alcohol ===<br />
<br />
Mixing 2C drugs with alcohol may have serious consequences - mixing any stimulant drugs and alcohol can substantially increase their risks <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Short-term ===<br />
<br />
* visual disturbances,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* panic attacks,<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* hyperthermia,<br />
* palpitations,<br />
* anxiety <ref name="1354a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Purity ==<br />
<br />
2C drugs are not that common in Britain so facts about purity are difficult to get hold of <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Addiction ==<br />
<br />
=== Can you get addicted ===<br />
<br />
2C drugs are relatively new drugs to the market so currently there's very little information about their addictiveness.<br />
<br />
They are not the type of drugs on which people are likely to become physically dependent.<br />
<br />
However, both tolerance and psychological dependence have been reported in stimulant drugs, such as ecstasy, that act like 2C drugs <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Interactions ==<br />
<br />
2C-B increases dopamine levels and also has an effect on serotonin. Therefore, 2C-B may react negatively with serotonic drugs like anti-depressants and tramadol <ref name="1350a"/>.<br />
<br />
Although many substances are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be relatively harmless in low doses of each but can still increase the risk of unpredictable injury or death. Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
* '''Tramadol''' - Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold <ref name="1348a">Talaie, H. and Panahandeh, R. and Fayaznouri, M. R. and Asadi, Z. and Abdollahi, M., '''Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol''', ''Journal of Medical Toxicology'', 2009, 5, 2, 63-67, https://dx.doi.org/10.10072FBF03161089, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19415589</ref> and psychedelics may act as triggers for seizures, particularly in those who are predisposed to them.<br />
* '''Stimulants''' - Stimulants affect many parts of the brain. Combined with psychedelics, stimulation can turn into uncontrollable anxiety, panic, [[thought loops]] and [[paranoia]]. This interaction may cause elevated risk of psychosis.<br />
* '''Lithium''' - Lithium is often used as treatment for bipolar disorder. It may possibly cause elevated risk of seizures and psychosis due to its glutaminergic and GABAergic effects <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Dangerous ===<br />
<br />
* '''αMT''' <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Unsafe ===<br />
<br />
* '''Tramadol''' - Tramadol is well known to lower seizure threshold and psychedelics raise the risk of seizures <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Caution ===<br />
<br />
* '''Mescaline''',<br />
* '''DOx''',<br />
* '''NBOMes''',<br />
* '''2C-T-x''',<br />
* '''5-MeO-xxT''' - The 5-MeO psychedelics can interact unpredictably to potentiate other psychedelics<br />
* '''Cannabis''' - Cannabis has an unexpectedly strong and somewhat unpredictable synergy with psychedelics.<br />
* '''Amphetamines''' - The [[anxiogenic]] and focusing effects of stimulants increase the chance of unpleasant [[thought loops]]. The combination is generally uneccessary because of the stimulating effects of psychedelics. Combination of the stimulating effects may be uncomfortable.<br />
* '''Cocaine''' - The [[anxiogenic]] and focusing effects of stimulants increase the chance of unpleasant [[thought loops]]. The combination is generally unnecessary because of the stimulating effects of psychedelics. Combination of the stimulating effects may be uncomfortable.<br />
* '''MAOIs''' - MAO-B inhibitors can increase the potency and duration of phenethylamines unpredictably <ref name="1349a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Withdrawal ==<br />
<br />
=== Mood changes ===<br />
<br />
* depression,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* panic,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* suicidal thinking,<br />
* suicidal behaviour <ref name="1353a">'''Synthetic Hallucinogens''', 2017, http://www.castlecraig.co.uk/resources/drugs/types-drugs/synthetic-hallucinogens</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Physical symptoms ===<br />
<br />
* tremors,<br />
* sleep disturbance <ref name="1353a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Legality ==<br />
<br />
For a '2C' drug to be illegal it must fulfil the criteria set out by the generic definition for the phenethylamine family of drugs.<br />
<br />
2CI, 2CE, 2CB and 2CT-7 meet this generic definition and are Class A drugs which means that it's illegal to have for yourself, give away or sell.<br />
<br />
Possession can get you up to seven years in prison and/or an unlimited fine.<br />
<br />
Supplying someone else, even your friends, can get you a life sentence a life sentence in jail and/or an unlimited fine <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== What if you're caught? ===<br />
<br />
If the Police catch you with a 2C drug, like 2CI, 2CE, 2CB and 2CT-7, they'll always take some action. This could include a formal caution, arrest and prosecution <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
* A conviction for a drug-related offence could have a serious impact. It can stop you visiting certain countries - for example the United States - and limit the types of jobs you can apply for <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Did you know? ===<br />
<br />
* Like drinking and driving, driving while impaired by a 2C drug is illegal - you can get a heavy fine, be disqualified from driving or even go to prison.<br />
* Allowing other people to supply drugs in your house or any other premises is illegal. If the police catch people supplying illegal drugs in a club they can potentially prosecute the landlord, club owner or any person concerned in the management of the premises <ref name="1351a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Mixing with other drugs ==<br />
<br />
* '''Cannabis''' - When used in combination with [[Marijuana|cannabis]], both the visual and cognitive effects of 2C-B can be intensified and extended with extreme efficiency. This should be used with extreme caution if one is not experienced with psychedelics as this can also amplify the anxiety, confusion and psychosis producing aspects of cannabis significantly.<br />
* '''Dissociatives''' - When used in combination with dissociatives, the geometry, euphoria, dissociation and hallucinatory effects are often greatly enhanced. Dissociative-induced holes, spaces, and voids while under the influence of 2C-B have significantly more vivid visuals than dissociatives alone present, and more intense internal hallucinations, and corresponding confusion which can spontaneously manifest as delusions and psychosis.<br />
* '''Nitrous oxide''' ("Laughing gas") - is commonly used in combination with psychedelics. The two are known to possess powerful cross-synergistic effects, including the capacity to send the user directly into an "ego death" state. The speed and intensity with which this occurs is very rapid and the euphoria that can result often leads to the urge to compulsively redose.<br />
* '''MDMA''' - When used in conjunction with [[Ecstasy|MDMA]], the physical and cognitive effects of [[Ecstasy|MDMA]] are amplified. The visual, physical and cognitive effects of 2C-B are also intensified with an overwhelming euphoric pleasure manifested through uniquely pleasurable body highs and headspaces, and uniquely colourful and awe-inspiring visuals. The synergy between these substances is unpredictable, and it is best to start with markedly lower dosages than one would take for both substances individually. Additionally, users should be aware that there are reasons to believe that this combination may result in unforeseen neurotoxic effects, so a strong sense of caution and independent research are highly advised if one decides to experiment with this combination.<br />
* '''Alcohol''' - This interaction is not typically recommended due to alcohol's ability to cause dehydration and nausea and physical fatigue which can negatively affect a trip if taken in moderate to high dosages. This combination is, however, reasonably safe in low doses and can often "take the edge off" a trip as well as dull its psychedelic effects in a fashion somewhat similar to benzodiazepines, albeit in a more physically taxing way.<br />
* '''Benzodiazepines''' - When used in combination with benzodiazepines, benzodiazepines can, depending on the dosage, slightly to completely reduce the intensity of the cognitive, physical and visual effects of an 2C-B experience. They are very efficient at stopping "bad trips" at the cost of amnesia and reduced trip intensity. Caution is advised when acquiring them for this purpose due to the very high dependence and addiction potential that benzodiazepines possess.<br />
* '''Psychedelics''' - When used in combination with other psychedelics, each substance's physical, cognitive and visual effects intensify and synergise strongly. The synergy between those substances is unpredictable, and for this reason generally not advised. If choosing to combine psychedelics, it is recommended to start with significantly lower dosages than one would take for either substance individually <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Harm reduction ==<br />
<br />
2C-I is sometimes mistaken for [[25I-NBOMe]] (sometimes referred to as 2C-I-NBOMe) due to their similar appearance, effects and names. 25I, however, is far more potent than 2C-I, and as a result should be taken at much lower doses than 25I<br />
<br />
2C-B is not known to be physically addictive, but like all such substances a user can develop a psychological dependence (feeling like they need to keep taking it). A short term tolerance can build up if it is used for two or more days in a row, but this will reduce fairly quickly. If you're a regular user, it's therefore advisable to have a break of a few days each week, or longer if you start to notice any side-effects or that the drug is no longer taking effect.<br />
<br />
2C-B can interact negatively with several types of medication, particularly certain anti-depressants, so if you are taking these it is advisable to avoid using 2C-B.<br />
<br />
If you have any mental health problems, or are going through a particularly emotionally difficult part of your life, you should think very carefully about taking any of the 2C drugs. The experiences they produce can be frightening and overwhelming to inexperienced users, and can trigger panic attacks or episodes of psychosis in those vulnerable to them.<br />
<br />
As 2C-B is often used as a 'party drug' along the lines of Ecstasy, users can get a rush that will make them feel they need to dance; it is important to remember that you will become dehydrated very quickly when being very active, particularly in a hot place like a club or party, so it is important to stay hydrated, drink water regularly, and try not to drink too much alcohol, avoid it if possible.<br />
<br />
* it's easy to get disorientated, so make sure you're somewhere you feel safe, with people you know and trust, and that you know how to get home,<br />
* 2C-B can make you feel very emotionally open and tactile (wanting to feel contact with other people) so be aware of your surroundings, stay close to friends (or at least make sure they know where you are), don't go off alone with people you don't completely trust and if you have a drink, keep it with you at all times <ref name="1337a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Paraphernalia ==<br />
<br />
If the drug is snorted - a razor blade will be used to chop it in to lines on a hard level surface such as a mirror or a sheet of glass or a tile <ref name="1354a"/>.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
2C-B was first synthesised in the lab of Alexander Shulgin in 1974, with the results published in a paper with Michael Carter in 1975. In the 1980's it began to be sold as an alternative to [[Ecstasy|MDMA]], but was quickly recognised to have interesting properties in its own right.<br />
<br />
Shulgin continued to experiment with derivatives of the 2C base, and the numerous other letters that are linked to it have produced varying degrees of psychedelic effect. However, most have very little recorded history of human consumption and are not regularly found for sale, so it is not practical to discuss them separately in depth. 2C-T-7 ('Blue Mystic') is the only other to have had a notable, though brief, spell of popularity as an internet-sold drug around the turn of the millennium. It is a powerful psychedelic taken orally (snorting it creates a serious risk of overdose, and has been associated with several deaths) noted for the vivid and colourful hallucinations it can produce <ref name="1337a"/>.<br />
<br />
2C-B was first synthesised and discovered by Alexander Shulgin in 1974. He later published his findings on 2C-B in his 1991 book PiHKAL <ref name="1339a"/>, and included it among the "magical half dozen" of psychedelic phenethylamines he deemed most important <ref name="1340a">Shulgin, A. and Shulgin, A., '''''Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved''''', 2016, http://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?id=20</ref>. In interviews, Alexander Shulgin has repeatedly declared it his favourite psychedelic trip <ref name="1341a">Biello, D., '''Self-Experimenters: Psychedelic Chemist Explores the Surreality of Inner Space, One Drug at a Time''', ''Scientific American'', 2008, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/self-experimenter-chemist-explores-new-psychedelics/</ref>.<br />
<br />
In the 1970s, 2C-B was used in patients by a small number of psychotherapists in the United States. These therapists reported the drug created a warm, empathetic bond between them and their patients. The therapists also said the drug helped break down a patient's ego defenses and inner resistances, allowing the patient to get in touch with suppressed emotions and repressed memories <ref name="1342a">Wells, K. R., '''2C-B (Nexus)''', 2017, http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/2c-b-nexus</ref>. The gentle nature of 2C-B, in addition to its mild side-effects and short duration, was found to be desirable traits for in the therapeutic setting.<br />
<br />
Not long after the drug gained traction in the medical community, 2C-B became popular in the recreational drug scene. 2C-B was well liked as an [[Ecstasy|MDMA]] substitute ideal for raves and parties with minimal comedown and a clear euphoric headspace.<br />
<br />
In the 1980's and early 1990's, several foreign companies legitimately manufactured 2C-B under the brand names Nexus, Erox, and Performax and advertised that it would alleviate impotence, frigidity, and diminished libido. It was sold at adult book and video stores, "head" shops, and some nightclubs. The [[DEA]] reported it to be sold in Miami, FL as yellow pills marketed as an aphrodisiac.<br />
<br />
After [[Ecstasy|MDMA]] was classified as Schedule I by the United States in 1985, 2C-B gained popularity as an alternative to the now illegal party drug. Its increasing popularity caused it to be placed in Schedule I in 1995 <ref name="1343a">'''2C-B (Nexus) Reappears on the Club Drug Scene''', 2001, https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs0/665/</ref>. Its use has since seen a resurgence due to the advent of online research chemical vendors.<br />
<br />
2C-B is used as entheogen by the Sangoma, Nyanga, and Amagqirha people over their traditional plants; they refer to the chemical as Ubulawu Nomathotholo, which roughly translates to "Medicine of the Singing Ancestors" <ref name="1344a">'''History of Nexus''', 2016, http://www.tacethno.com/info/2cb/2cbhistory.html</ref>, <ref name="1338a"/>.<br />
<br />
2C-B was first synthesised in 1974 by Alexander Shulgin, and it first saw use among the psychiatric community as an aid during therapy. It was considered one of the best drugs for this purpose because of its short duration, relative absence of side-effects, and comparably mild nature. Shortly after becoming popular in the medical community, it became popular recreationally. 2C-B was first sold commercially as an aphrodisiac under the trade name "Eros", which was manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company Drittewelle. For many years after it was available as tablets in Dutch smart shops under the name "Nexus" <ref name="1350a"/>.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=25I_N-BOMe&diff=72025I N-BOMe2017-07-11T14:19:11Z<p>Sharon: /* Sought after effects */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Also known as ==<br />
<br />
N-Bomb, 25i, 2-c-i-nbome, 25-I, smiley paper, bom-25, 2c-i-nbome, 25i-nbome<br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
<br />
Hallucinogenic<br />
[[Category:hallucinogenics]]<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
N-bome is a research chemical that changes the senses and alters thoughts. Often sold as LSD, but is much stronger (meaning more potent). 25I N-BOMe (sometimes called 2C-I-N-BOMe) is an extremely powerful psychedelic and euphoriant drug of the phenythylamine class <ref name="1332a">'''25I N-BOMe''', 2017, http://www.release.org.uk/drugs/25i-n-bome</ref>.<br />
<br />
'''WARNING''' - 2C-I-N-BOMe is sometimes mistaken for 2C-I, a similar but separate substance that is much less potent than N-BOMe. Taking 2C-I size doses of N-BOMe can be fatal <ref name="1332a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Medical usage ==<br />
<br />
There is no known medical usage.<br />
<br />
== What does it look like? ==<br />
<br />
It usually comes in the form of tabs/blotters <ref name="1332a"/>. N-Bombs were often sold as tiny squares of paper. These tiny squares are commonly called "tabs" or "blotters". Blotters can come in various sizes, shapes, colours and designs.<br />
<br />
They were also sold in spray, powder and liquid form <ref name="1335a">'''N-bomb''', 2017, http://www.talktofrank.com/drug/n-bomb#aka=25I-NBOMe</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Why take it? ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
Effects are similar to [[LSD]] -<br />
<br />
* senses become distorted (hallucinogenic),<br />
* changes to time, space and meaning <ref name="1332a"/>,<br />
* mental & physical stimulation,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* visual & auditory hallucinations,<br />
* changes to consciousness,<br />
* distortions to senses <ref name="1336a">'''NBOMe Compounds''', 2014, http://www.dan247.org.uk/Drug_NBOMeCompounds.asp</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortions can be frightening - 'bad trip',<br />
* can negatively affect people who have mental health problems <ref name="1332a"/>,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* unpleasant hallucinations,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* [[insomnia]],<br />
* [[paranoia]],<br />
* panic <ref name="1336a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Dosage ==<br />
<br />
=== Abuse ===<br />
<br />
==== Sublingual ====<br />
<br />
* threshold - 50 - 250 ug,<br />
* light - 200 - 500 ug <ref name="1333a">'''25I N-BOMe''', 2017, http://drugs.tripsit.me/25i-nbome</ref>, <ref name="1334a">'''NBOMes''', 2017, https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/NBOMes</ref>,<br />
* common - 500 - 750 ug <ref name="1333a"/>, <ref name="1334a"/>,<br />
* strong - 700 - 1000 ug+ <ref name="1333a"/>, <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
'''NOTE''' - Do not exceed 1500 ug <ref name="1333a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Insufflated ====<br />
<br />
* light - 100 - 400 μg,<br />
* common - 400 - 700 μg,<br />
* strong - 700+ μg <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
== How long do its effects last? ==<br />
<br />
=== Onset of effects ===<br />
<br />
* all [[ROA]]'s - 45 - 90 minutes <ref name="1333a"/>,<br />
* sublingual - 15 - 45 minutes <ref name="1334a"/>,<br />
* insufflated - 0 - 10 minutes <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Duration of effects ===<br />
<br />
* all [[ROA]]'s - 5 - 10 hours <ref name="1333a"/>,<br />
* sublingual - 4 - 11 hours <ref name="1334a"/>,<br />
* insufflated - 3 - 8 hours <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== After-effects ===<br />
<br />
* all [[ROA]]'s - 6 - 24 hours <ref name="1333a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Pharmacology ==<br />
<br />
=== Tolerance ===<br />
<br />
25i-nbome has an extremely prevalent tolerance, with users reporting a strong cross tolerance with [[LSD]], mushrooms, 2C-\*, DO\* and other 25\* chemicals. Tolerance lasts roughly 2 weeks depending on the user <ref name="1333a"/>.<br />
<br />
== How is it taken? ==<br />
<br />
Swallowed - tabs are swallowed (ingested) <ref name="1332a"/>. It is reported that N-Bombs don't work if swallowed, so they are usually placed under the tongue or held in the cheeks, where they are absorbed by the lining of the mouth. They can also be sniffed if in their powder form or absorbed via the nose or mouth if a spray form is used.<br />
<br />
N-Bombs are very strong, with only a small amount needed to have an effect. The average dose of the N-Bomb 25I-NBOMe is between 0.00005 and 0.0001gram. Because of this it can be easy to overdose if you are using the powder or liquid forms of N-Bombs <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
As a powder it has been snorted up the nose, although this method is strongly advised against as there are some reports that this route of administration may have led to some deaths. In liquid form it may used on blotter paper and placed under the tongue or held in the cheeks to be absorbed through the lining of the mouth. The liquid may also be used in spray form and inhaled via the nose or mouth <ref name="1336a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Effects ==<br />
<br />
The effects of N-Bombs can last between six and ten hours and include -<br />
<br />
* feeling of euphoria (intense happiness) and love/empathy,<br />
* mental and physical stimulation,<br />
* a pleasant or positive change in consciousness,<br />
* unusual body sensations <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
Because N-Bombs are similar to [[LSD]], they are likely to have similar effects to [[LSD]]. The experience of taking hallucinogens, like [[LSD]], is often referred to as a 'trip'.<br />
<br />
A positive trip can make you feel happy, euphoric and relaxed. A negative or bad trip can make users feel tense, nervy and confused. You might even experience unpleasant and scary hallucinations <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
Other effects -<br />
<br />
* during a time and your movements can appear speeded up or slower down. Colours, objects and sound can appear very differently to normal,<br />
* feeling tired, anxious, panicky and depressed,<br />
* trips can feed off your imagination - so if you're unhappy or nervous it can make these feelings a lot worse <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Positive ===<br />
<br />
* strong open and closed eye visuals, including trails, colour shifts, brightening, etc.,<br />
* mood lift,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* mental and physical stimulation,<br />
* increase in associative & creative thinking,<br />
* increased awareness & appreciation of music,<br />
* life-changing spiritual experiences,<br />
* erotic, sexual thoughts and sensations,<br />
* feelings of love and empathy <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Neutral ===<br />
<br />
* general change in consciousness,<br />
* pupil dilation,<br />
* difficulty focusing,<br />
* unusual body sensations (facial flushing, chills, goosebumps, body energy),<br />
* change in perception of time, time dilation,<br />
* slight increase in heart rate,<br />
* yawning, especially when coming up <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Negative ===<br />
<br />
Likelihood of negative side-effects increases with higher doses.<br />
<br />
* confusion,<br />
* looping,<br />
* scrambled communication,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vasoconstriction,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* looping, recursive, out of control thinking,<br />
* paranoia, fear, and panic,<br />
* unwanted and overwhelming feelings,<br />
* unwanted life-changing spiritual experiences <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== After effects ===<br />
* afterglow<br />
** an afterglow may be present until a day after use, sometimes more depending on the individual.<br />
<br />
* long term effects<br />
** a relatively high rate of [[HPPD]] has been reported (all anecdotal data!) after the use of the NBOMe chemicals <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
The effects can last between six and ten hours and include -<br />
<br />
* feelings of confusion and paranoia,<br />
* insomnia, this is where someone finds it very hard to fall asleep or to stay asleep for a normal amount of time,<br />
* feeling sick and nauseous,<br />
* body tremors and shaking <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
Doctors who have treated people who have taken N-Bombs have reported the following common effects/risks -<br />
<br />
* increased heart rate and blood pressure, which can put pressure on your heart and circulation system and in extreme cases can lead to heart failure,<br />
* agitation and aggression,<br />
* you may see and hear things that aren't there (known as hallucinations),<br />
* some people might have seizures and a fever or high body temperature <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
N-Bombs are very powerful, with only a small amount needed to have an effect. For example, the average dose of the N-Bomb 25I-NBOMe is between 0.000050 and 0.0001gram. Because of this it can be easy to overdose if you are using the powder or liquid forms of NBOMe.<br />
<br />
N-Bombs are similar to [[LSD]] so some of the risks of [[LSD]] may apply to N-Bombs as well <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Short-term ===<br />
<br />
Aggression, seizures, significant risk of overdose - these compounds are extremely potent and only a very small amount is needed to have an effect, therefore there is a very high risk of overdose in powder and liquid form. There have been a number of deaths reported as a result of overdose and also from accidents while under the influence <ref name="1336a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Long-term ===<br />
<br />
Not yet known, but potentially similar to long term risks of [[LSD]]. As a relatively new compound, little is known about the risks or interaction with other drugs <ref name="1336a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Purity ==<br />
<br />
FRANK is not aware of N-Bombs being 'cut' or mixed with other substances. However, with 'legal highs' like N-Bombs, you can never really be sure what you're buying contains what it says it does <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Addiction ==<br />
<br />
=== Can you get addicted ===<br />
<br />
N-Bombs are relatively new drugs to the market so currently there's very little information about their addictiveness. Although we know that hallucinogens tend not to be addictive no-one knows for sure whether or not N-Bombs can be addictive <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Legality ==<br />
<br />
At present they're illegal to have, give away or sell -<br />
<br />
* possession could get you up to seven years in jail and/or an unlimited fine,<br />
* supplying someone else, including your friends, could result in serious heavy jail time sentence, between a minimum of eight years and a life sentence and/or an unlimited fine <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== What if you're caught? ===<br />
<br />
If the Police arrest you in possession of N-Bombs, they'll always take some action. This could include a formal caution, arrest and prosecution.<br />
<br />
A conviction for a drug related offence could have a serious impact. It could make it harder, even impossible, to visit certain countries - for example the United States - and limit the types of jobs you can apply for <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Did you know? ===<br />
<br />
* Like drinking and driving, driving while under the influence of drugs is illegal - with some drugs you can still be unfit to drive the day after using. You can get a heavy fine, be disqualified from driving or even go to prison.<br />
* Allowing other people to supply drugs in your house or any other premises is illegal. If the police catch people supplying illegal drugs in a club they can potentially prosecute the landlord, club owner or any person concerned in the management of the premises <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Harm reduction ==<br />
<br />
As 25I N-BOMe is one of the newer phenythylamines, very little is known about its potential long-term effects or risks associated with regular use. Currently, not even the [[LD50]] is known. As a result, users should exercise extreme caution when taking it <ref name="1332a"/>.<br />
<br />
* 25I N-BOMe/2C-I-N-BOMe is known to be at least 16 times more active than 2C-I, and should only ever be taken at microgram (µg) levels, not milligram (mg) levels as you would with 2C-I,<br />
* if it is in pure powder form, small breezes, accidental inhalation, or touching the eyes or mouth after handling could result in full-blown effects or dangerous overdoses, so handle with extreme caution,<br />
* due to its potency, 25I-NBOMe blotter paper must be lightly chewed on within the mouth for a maximum of 10 - 20 minutes and never immediately swallowed,<br />
* when dealing with such tiny quantities, it is incredibly easy to overdose when snorting, so this method is strongly advised against <ref name="1332a"/>.<br />
<br />
NBOMes are considered less safe than many psychedelics due their heavy physical effects on the body, and as recreational dosages tend to overlap with what have been fatal dosages. Even so, many reports of death by an NBOMe chemical involve mislabeling of the drug, sometimes by the distributor (example - someone insufflates 20mg of 25I-NBOMe because he/she thought it was 2C-I). Mislabeling or misweighing can easily lead to extrememely dangerous, sometimes lethal, situations. Administration of an NBOMe in its powder form (either insufflated or otherwise) is strongly discouraged, as the potency is far greater than the accuracy of most scales.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, due to the physical strain the drug causes one should not use it if there are any pre-existing heart conditions <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Paraphernalia ==<br />
<br />
None.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
25I N-BOMe was first synthesised in 2003 by Ralf Heim at the Free University of Berlin and was published as part of his PhD dissertation.<br />
<br />
There was virtually no recorded history of human use prior to 2010, when it first became popular due its ease of purchase from online research chemical vendors <ref name="1332a"/>.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=25I_N-BOMe&diff=71925I N-BOMe2017-07-11T14:07:43Z<p>Sharon: /* Classification */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Also known as ==<br />
<br />
N-Bomb, 25i, 2-c-i-nbome, 25-I, smiley paper, bom-25, 2c-i-nbome, 25i-nbome<br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
<br />
Hallucinogenic<br />
[[Category:hallucinogenics]]<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
N-bome is a research chemical that changes the senses and alters thoughts. Often sold as LSD, but is much stronger (meaning more potent). 25I N-BOMe (sometimes called 2C-I-N-BOMe) is an extremely powerful psychedelic and euphoriant drug of the phenythylamine class <ref name="1332a">'''25I N-BOMe''', 2017, http://www.release.org.uk/drugs/25i-n-bome</ref>.<br />
<br />
'''WARNING''' - 2C-I-N-BOMe is sometimes mistaken for 2C-I, a similar but separate substance that is much less potent than N-BOMe. Taking 2C-I size doses of N-BOMe can be fatal <ref name="1332a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Medical usage ==<br />
<br />
There is no known medical usage.<br />
<br />
== What does it look like? ==<br />
<br />
It usually comes in the form of tabs/blotters <ref name="1332a"/>. N-Bombs were often sold as tiny squares of paper. These tiny squares are commonly called "tabs" or "blotters". Blotters can come in various sizes, shapes, colours and designs.<br />
<br />
They were also sold in spray, powder and liquid form <ref name="1335a">'''N-bomb''', 2017, http://www.talktofrank.com/drug/n-bomb#aka=25I-NBOMe</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Why take it? ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
Effects are similar to LSD -<br />
<br />
* senses become distorted (hallucinogenic),<br />
* changes to time, space and meaning <ref name="1332a"/>,<br />
* mental & physical stimulation,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* visual & auditory hallucinations,<br />
* changes to consciousness,<br />
* distortions to senses <ref name="1336a">'''NBOMe Compounds''', 2014, http://www.dan247.org.uk/Drug_NBOMeCompounds.asp</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortions can be frightening - 'bad trip',<br />
* can negatively affect people who have mental health problems <ref name="1332a"/>,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* unpleasant hallucinations,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* [[insomnia]],<br />
* [[paranoia]],<br />
* panic <ref name="1336a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Dosage ==<br />
<br />
=== Abuse ===<br />
<br />
==== Sublingual ====<br />
<br />
* threshold - 50 - 250 ug,<br />
* light - 200 - 500 ug <ref name="1333a">'''25I N-BOMe''', 2017, http://drugs.tripsit.me/25i-nbome</ref>, <ref name="1334a">'''NBOMes''', 2017, https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/NBOMes</ref>,<br />
* common - 500 - 750 ug <ref name="1333a"/>, <ref name="1334a"/>,<br />
* strong - 700 - 1000 ug+ <ref name="1333a"/>, <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
'''NOTE''' - Do not exceed 1500 ug <ref name="1333a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Insufflated ====<br />
<br />
* light - 100 - 400 μg,<br />
* common - 400 - 700 μg,<br />
* strong - 700+ μg <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
== How long do its effects last? ==<br />
<br />
=== Onset of effects ===<br />
<br />
* all [[ROA]]'s - 45 - 90 minutes <ref name="1333a"/>,<br />
* sublingual - 15 - 45 minutes <ref name="1334a"/>,<br />
* insufflated - 0 - 10 minutes <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Duration of effects ===<br />
<br />
* all [[ROA]]'s - 5 - 10 hours <ref name="1333a"/>,<br />
* sublingual - 4 - 11 hours <ref name="1334a"/>,<br />
* insufflated - 3 - 8 hours <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== After-effects ===<br />
<br />
* all [[ROA]]'s - 6 - 24 hours <ref name="1333a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Pharmacology ==<br />
<br />
=== Tolerance ===<br />
<br />
25i-nbome has an extremely prevalent tolerance, with users reporting a strong cross tolerance with [[LSD]], mushrooms, 2C-\*, DO\* and other 25\* chemicals. Tolerance lasts roughly 2 weeks depending on the user <ref name="1333a"/>.<br />
<br />
== How is it taken? ==<br />
<br />
Swallowed - tabs are swallowed (ingested) <ref name="1332a"/>. It is reported that N-Bombs don't work if swallowed, so they are usually placed under the tongue or held in the cheeks, where they are absorbed by the lining of the mouth. They can also be sniffed if in their powder form or absorbed via the nose or mouth if a spray form is used.<br />
<br />
N-Bombs are very strong, with only a small amount needed to have an effect. The average dose of the N-Bomb 25I-NBOMe is between 0.00005 and 0.0001gram. Because of this it can be easy to overdose if you are using the powder or liquid forms of N-Bombs <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
As a powder it has been snorted up the nose, although this method is strongly advised against as there are some reports that this route of administration may have led to some deaths. In liquid form it may used on blotter paper and placed under the tongue or held in the cheeks to be absorbed through the lining of the mouth. The liquid may also be used in spray form and inhaled via the nose or mouth <ref name="1336a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Effects ==<br />
<br />
The effects of N-Bombs can last between six and ten hours and include -<br />
<br />
* feeling of euphoria (intense happiness) and love/empathy,<br />
* mental and physical stimulation,<br />
* a pleasant or positive change in consciousness,<br />
* unusual body sensations <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
Because N-Bombs are similar to [[LSD]], they are likely to have similar effects to [[LSD]]. The experience of taking hallucinogens, like [[LSD]], is often referred to as a 'trip'.<br />
<br />
A positive trip can make you feel happy, euphoric and relaxed. A negative or bad trip can make users feel tense, nervy and confused. You might even experience unpleasant and scary hallucinations <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
Other effects -<br />
<br />
* during a time and your movements can appear speeded up or slower down. Colours, objects and sound can appear very differently to normal,<br />
* feeling tired, anxious, panicky and depressed,<br />
* trips can feed off your imagination - so if you're unhappy or nervous it can make these feelings a lot worse <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Positive ===<br />
<br />
* strong open and closed eye visuals, including trails, colour shifts, brightening, etc.,<br />
* mood lift,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* mental and physical stimulation,<br />
* increase in associative & creative thinking,<br />
* increased awareness & appreciation of music,<br />
* life-changing spiritual experiences,<br />
* erotic, sexual thoughts and sensations,<br />
* feelings of love and empathy <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Neutral ===<br />
<br />
* general change in consciousness,<br />
* pupil dilation,<br />
* difficulty focusing,<br />
* unusual body sensations (facial flushing, chills, goosebumps, body energy),<br />
* change in perception of time, time dilation,<br />
* slight increase in heart rate,<br />
* yawning, especially when coming up <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Negative ===<br />
<br />
Likelihood of negative side-effects increases with higher doses.<br />
<br />
* confusion,<br />
* looping,<br />
* scrambled communication,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vasoconstriction,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* looping, recursive, out of control thinking,<br />
* paranoia, fear, and panic,<br />
* unwanted and overwhelming feelings,<br />
* unwanted life-changing spiritual experiences <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== After effects ===<br />
* afterglow<br />
** an afterglow may be present until a day after use, sometimes more depending on the individual.<br />
<br />
* long term effects<br />
** a relatively high rate of [[HPPD]] has been reported (all anecdotal data!) after the use of the NBOMe chemicals <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
The effects can last between six and ten hours and include -<br />
<br />
* feelings of confusion and paranoia,<br />
* insomnia, this is where someone finds it very hard to fall asleep or to stay asleep for a normal amount of time,<br />
* feeling sick and nauseous,<br />
* body tremors and shaking <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
Doctors who have treated people who have taken N-Bombs have reported the following common effects/risks -<br />
<br />
* increased heart rate and blood pressure, which can put pressure on your heart and circulation system and in extreme cases can lead to heart failure,<br />
* agitation and aggression,<br />
* you may see and hear things that aren't there (known as hallucinations),<br />
* some people might have seizures and a fever or high body temperature <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
N-Bombs are very powerful, with only a small amount needed to have an effect. For example, the average dose of the N-Bomb 25I-NBOMe is between 0.000050 and 0.0001gram. Because of this it can be easy to overdose if you are using the powder or liquid forms of NBOMe.<br />
<br />
N-Bombs are similar to [[LSD]] so some of the risks of [[LSD]] may apply to N-Bombs as well <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Short-term ===<br />
<br />
Aggression, seizures, significant risk of overdose - these compounds are extremely potent and only a very small amount is needed to have an effect, therefore there is a very high risk of overdose in powder and liquid form. There have been a number of deaths reported as a result of overdose and also from accidents while under the influence <ref name="1336a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Long-term ===<br />
<br />
Not yet known, but potentially similar to long term risks of [[LSD]]. As a relatively new compound, little is known about the risks or interaction with other drugs <ref name="1336a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Purity ==<br />
<br />
FRANK is not aware of N-Bombs being 'cut' or mixed with other substances. However, with 'legal highs' like N-Bombs, you can never really be sure what you're buying contains what it says it does <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Addiction ==<br />
<br />
=== Can you get addicted ===<br />
<br />
N-Bombs are relatively new drugs to the market so currently there's very little information about their addictiveness. Although we know that hallucinogens tend not to be addictive no-one knows for sure whether or not N-Bombs can be addictive <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Legality ==<br />
<br />
At present they're illegal to have, give away or sell -<br />
<br />
* possession could get you up to seven years in jail and/or an unlimited fine,<br />
* supplying someone else, including your friends, could result in serious heavy jail time sentence, between a minimum of eight years and a life sentence and/or an unlimited fine <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== What if you're caught? ===<br />
<br />
If the Police arrest you in possession of N-Bombs, they'll always take some action. This could include a formal caution, arrest and prosecution.<br />
<br />
A conviction for a drug related offence could have a serious impact. It could make it harder, even impossible, to visit certain countries - for example the United States - and limit the types of jobs you can apply for <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Did you know? ===<br />
<br />
* Like drinking and driving, driving while under the influence of drugs is illegal - with some drugs you can still be unfit to drive the day after using. You can get a heavy fine, be disqualified from driving or even go to prison.<br />
* Allowing other people to supply drugs in your house or any other premises is illegal. If the police catch people supplying illegal drugs in a club they can potentially prosecute the landlord, club owner or any person concerned in the management of the premises <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Harm reduction ==<br />
<br />
As 25I N-BOMe is one of the newer phenythylamines, very little is known about its potential long-term effects or risks associated with regular use. Currently, not even the [[LD50]] is known. As a result, users should exercise extreme caution when taking it <ref name="1332a"/>.<br />
<br />
* 25I N-BOMe/2C-I-N-BOMe is known to be at least 16 times more active than 2C-I, and should only ever be taken at microgram (µg) levels, not milligram (mg) levels as you would with 2C-I,<br />
* if it is in pure powder form, small breezes, accidental inhalation, or touching the eyes or mouth after handling could result in full-blown effects or dangerous overdoses, so handle with extreme caution,<br />
* due to its potency, 25I-NBOMe blotter paper must be lightly chewed on within the mouth for a maximum of 10 - 20 minutes and never immediately swallowed,<br />
* when dealing with such tiny quantities, it is incredibly easy to overdose when snorting, so this method is strongly advised against <ref name="1332a"/>.<br />
<br />
NBOMes are considered less safe than many psychedelics due their heavy physical effects on the body, and as recreational dosages tend to overlap with what have been fatal dosages. Even so, many reports of death by an NBOMe chemical involve mislabeling of the drug, sometimes by the distributor (example - someone insufflates 20mg of 25I-NBOMe because he/she thought it was 2C-I). Mislabeling or misweighing can easily lead to extrememely dangerous, sometimes lethal, situations. Administration of an NBOMe in its powder form (either insufflated or otherwise) is strongly discouraged, as the potency is far greater than the accuracy of most scales.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, due to the physical strain the drug causes one should not use it if there are any pre-existing heart conditions <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Paraphernalia ==<br />
<br />
None.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
25I N-BOMe was first synthesised in 2003 by Ralf Heim at the Free University of Berlin and was published as part of his PhD dissertation.<br />
<br />
There was virtually no recorded history of human use prior to 2010, when it first became popular due its ease of purchase from online research chemical vendors <ref name="1332a"/>.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=25I_N-BOMe&diff=71825I N-BOMe2017-07-11T14:06:58Z<p>Sharon: Created page with "== Also known as == N-Bomb, 25i, 2-c-i-nbome, 25-I, smiley paper, bom-25, 2c-i-nbome, 25i-nbome == Classification == Hallucinogenic Category:hallucinogenic == Overview..."</p>
<hr />
<div>== Also known as ==<br />
<br />
N-Bomb, 25i, 2-c-i-nbome, 25-I, smiley paper, bom-25, 2c-i-nbome, 25i-nbome<br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
<br />
Hallucinogenic<br />
[[Category:hallucinogenic]]<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
N-bome is a research chemical that changes the senses and alters thoughts. Often sold as LSD, but is much stronger (meaning more potent). 25I N-BOMe (sometimes called 2C-I-N-BOMe) is an extremely powerful psychedelic and euphoriant drug of the phenythylamine class <ref name="1332a">'''25I N-BOMe''', 2017, http://www.release.org.uk/drugs/25i-n-bome</ref>.<br />
<br />
'''WARNING''' - 2C-I-N-BOMe is sometimes mistaken for 2C-I, a similar but separate substance that is much less potent than N-BOMe. Taking 2C-I size doses of N-BOMe can be fatal <ref name="1332a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Medical usage ==<br />
<br />
There is no known medical usage.<br />
<br />
== What does it look like? ==<br />
<br />
It usually comes in the form of tabs/blotters <ref name="1332a"/>. N-Bombs were often sold as tiny squares of paper. These tiny squares are commonly called "tabs" or "blotters". Blotters can come in various sizes, shapes, colours and designs.<br />
<br />
They were also sold in spray, powder and liquid form <ref name="1335a">'''N-bomb''', 2017, http://www.talktofrank.com/drug/n-bomb#aka=25I-NBOMe</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Why take it? ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
Effects are similar to LSD -<br />
<br />
* senses become distorted (hallucinogenic),<br />
* changes to time, space and meaning <ref name="1332a"/>,<br />
* mental & physical stimulation,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* visual & auditory hallucinations,<br />
* changes to consciousness,<br />
* distortions to senses <ref name="1336a">'''NBOMe Compounds''', 2014, http://www.dan247.org.uk/Drug_NBOMeCompounds.asp</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortions can be frightening - 'bad trip',<br />
* can negatively affect people who have mental health problems <ref name="1332a"/>,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* unpleasant hallucinations,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* [[insomnia]],<br />
* [[paranoia]],<br />
* panic <ref name="1336a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Dosage ==<br />
<br />
=== Abuse ===<br />
<br />
==== Sublingual ====<br />
<br />
* threshold - 50 - 250 ug,<br />
* light - 200 - 500 ug <ref name="1333a">'''25I N-BOMe''', 2017, http://drugs.tripsit.me/25i-nbome</ref>, <ref name="1334a">'''NBOMes''', 2017, https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/NBOMes</ref>,<br />
* common - 500 - 750 ug <ref name="1333a"/>, <ref name="1334a"/>,<br />
* strong - 700 - 1000 ug+ <ref name="1333a"/>, <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
'''NOTE''' - Do not exceed 1500 ug <ref name="1333a"/>.<br />
<br />
==== Insufflated ====<br />
<br />
* light - 100 - 400 μg,<br />
* common - 400 - 700 μg,<br />
* strong - 700+ μg <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
== How long do its effects last? ==<br />
<br />
=== Onset of effects ===<br />
<br />
* all [[ROA]]'s - 45 - 90 minutes <ref name="1333a"/>,<br />
* sublingual - 15 - 45 minutes <ref name="1334a"/>,<br />
* insufflated - 0 - 10 minutes <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Duration of effects ===<br />
<br />
* all [[ROA]]'s - 5 - 10 hours <ref name="1333a"/>,<br />
* sublingual - 4 - 11 hours <ref name="1334a"/>,<br />
* insufflated - 3 - 8 hours <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== After-effects ===<br />
<br />
* all [[ROA]]'s - 6 - 24 hours <ref name="1333a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Pharmacology ==<br />
<br />
=== Tolerance ===<br />
<br />
25i-nbome has an extremely prevalent tolerance, with users reporting a strong cross tolerance with [[LSD]], mushrooms, 2C-\*, DO\* and other 25\* chemicals. Tolerance lasts roughly 2 weeks depending on the user <ref name="1333a"/>.<br />
<br />
== How is it taken? ==<br />
<br />
Swallowed - tabs are swallowed (ingested) <ref name="1332a"/>. It is reported that N-Bombs don't work if swallowed, so they are usually placed under the tongue or held in the cheeks, where they are absorbed by the lining of the mouth. They can also be sniffed if in their powder form or absorbed via the nose or mouth if a spray form is used.<br />
<br />
N-Bombs are very strong, with only a small amount needed to have an effect. The average dose of the N-Bomb 25I-NBOMe is between 0.00005 and 0.0001gram. Because of this it can be easy to overdose if you are using the powder or liquid forms of N-Bombs <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
As a powder it has been snorted up the nose, although this method is strongly advised against as there are some reports that this route of administration may have led to some deaths. In liquid form it may used on blotter paper and placed under the tongue or held in the cheeks to be absorbed through the lining of the mouth. The liquid may also be used in spray form and inhaled via the nose or mouth <ref name="1336a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Effects ==<br />
<br />
The effects of N-Bombs can last between six and ten hours and include -<br />
<br />
* feeling of euphoria (intense happiness) and love/empathy,<br />
* mental and physical stimulation,<br />
* a pleasant or positive change in consciousness,<br />
* unusual body sensations <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
Because N-Bombs are similar to [[LSD]], they are likely to have similar effects to [[LSD]]. The experience of taking hallucinogens, like [[LSD]], is often referred to as a 'trip'.<br />
<br />
A positive trip can make you feel happy, euphoric and relaxed. A negative or bad trip can make users feel tense, nervy and confused. You might even experience unpleasant and scary hallucinations <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
Other effects -<br />
<br />
* during a time and your movements can appear speeded up or slower down. Colours, objects and sound can appear very differently to normal,<br />
* feeling tired, anxious, panicky and depressed,<br />
* trips can feed off your imagination - so if you're unhappy or nervous it can make these feelings a lot worse <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Positive ===<br />
<br />
* strong open and closed eye visuals, including trails, colour shifts, brightening, etc.,<br />
* mood lift,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* mental and physical stimulation,<br />
* increase in associative & creative thinking,<br />
* increased awareness & appreciation of music,<br />
* life-changing spiritual experiences,<br />
* erotic, sexual thoughts and sensations,<br />
* feelings of love and empathy <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Neutral ===<br />
<br />
* general change in consciousness,<br />
* pupil dilation,<br />
* difficulty focusing,<br />
* unusual body sensations (facial flushing, chills, goosebumps, body energy),<br />
* change in perception of time, time dilation,<br />
* slight increase in heart rate,<br />
* yawning, especially when coming up <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Negative ===<br />
<br />
Likelihood of negative side-effects increases with higher doses.<br />
<br />
* confusion,<br />
* looping,<br />
* scrambled communication,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vasoconstriction,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* looping, recursive, out of control thinking,<br />
* paranoia, fear, and panic,<br />
* unwanted and overwhelming feelings,<br />
* unwanted life-changing spiritual experiences <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== After effects ===<br />
* afterglow<br />
** an afterglow may be present until a day after use, sometimes more depending on the individual.<br />
<br />
* long term effects<br />
** a relatively high rate of [[HPPD]] has been reported (all anecdotal data!) after the use of the NBOMe chemicals <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
The effects can last between six and ten hours and include -<br />
<br />
* feelings of confusion and paranoia,<br />
* insomnia, this is where someone finds it very hard to fall asleep or to stay asleep for a normal amount of time,<br />
* feeling sick and nauseous,<br />
* body tremors and shaking <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
Doctors who have treated people who have taken N-Bombs have reported the following common effects/risks -<br />
<br />
* increased heart rate and blood pressure, which can put pressure on your heart and circulation system and in extreme cases can lead to heart failure,<br />
* agitation and aggression,<br />
* you may see and hear things that aren't there (known as hallucinations),<br />
* some people might have seizures and a fever or high body temperature <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
N-Bombs are very powerful, with only a small amount needed to have an effect. For example, the average dose of the N-Bomb 25I-NBOMe is between 0.000050 and 0.0001gram. Because of this it can be easy to overdose if you are using the powder or liquid forms of NBOMe.<br />
<br />
N-Bombs are similar to [[LSD]] so some of the risks of [[LSD]] may apply to N-Bombs as well <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Short-term ===<br />
<br />
Aggression, seizures, significant risk of overdose - these compounds are extremely potent and only a very small amount is needed to have an effect, therefore there is a very high risk of overdose in powder and liquid form. There have been a number of deaths reported as a result of overdose and also from accidents while under the influence <ref name="1336a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Long-term ===<br />
<br />
Not yet known, but potentially similar to long term risks of [[LSD]]. As a relatively new compound, little is known about the risks or interaction with other drugs <ref name="1336a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Purity ==<br />
<br />
FRANK is not aware of N-Bombs being 'cut' or mixed with other substances. However, with 'legal highs' like N-Bombs, you can never really be sure what you're buying contains what it says it does <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Addiction ==<br />
<br />
=== Can you get addicted ===<br />
<br />
N-Bombs are relatively new drugs to the market so currently there's very little information about their addictiveness. Although we know that hallucinogens tend not to be addictive no-one knows for sure whether or not N-Bombs can be addictive <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Legality ==<br />
<br />
At present they're illegal to have, give away or sell -<br />
<br />
* possession could get you up to seven years in jail and/or an unlimited fine,<br />
* supplying someone else, including your friends, could result in serious heavy jail time sentence, between a minimum of eight years and a life sentence and/or an unlimited fine <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== What if you're caught? ===<br />
<br />
If the Police arrest you in possession of N-Bombs, they'll always take some action. This could include a formal caution, arrest and prosecution.<br />
<br />
A conviction for a drug related offence could have a serious impact. It could make it harder, even impossible, to visit certain countries - for example the United States - and limit the types of jobs you can apply for <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Did you know? ===<br />
<br />
* Like drinking and driving, driving while under the influence of drugs is illegal - with some drugs you can still be unfit to drive the day after using. You can get a heavy fine, be disqualified from driving or even go to prison.<br />
* Allowing other people to supply drugs in your house or any other premises is illegal. If the police catch people supplying illegal drugs in a club they can potentially prosecute the landlord, club owner or any person concerned in the management of the premises <ref name="1335a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Harm reduction ==<br />
<br />
As 25I N-BOMe is one of the newer phenythylamines, very little is known about its potential long-term effects or risks associated with regular use. Currently, not even the [[LD50]] is known. As a result, users should exercise extreme caution when taking it <ref name="1332a"/>.<br />
<br />
* 25I N-BOMe/2C-I-N-BOMe is known to be at least 16 times more active than 2C-I, and should only ever be taken at microgram (µg) levels, not milligram (mg) levels as you would with 2C-I,<br />
* if it is in pure powder form, small breezes, accidental inhalation, or touching the eyes or mouth after handling could result in full-blown effects or dangerous overdoses, so handle with extreme caution,<br />
* due to its potency, 25I-NBOMe blotter paper must be lightly chewed on within the mouth for a maximum of 10 - 20 minutes and never immediately swallowed,<br />
* when dealing with such tiny quantities, it is incredibly easy to overdose when snorting, so this method is strongly advised against <ref name="1332a"/>.<br />
<br />
NBOMes are considered less safe than many psychedelics due their heavy physical effects on the body, and as recreational dosages tend to overlap with what have been fatal dosages. Even so, many reports of death by an NBOMe chemical involve mislabeling of the drug, sometimes by the distributor (example - someone insufflates 20mg of 25I-NBOMe because he/she thought it was 2C-I). Mislabeling or misweighing can easily lead to extrememely dangerous, sometimes lethal, situations. Administration of an NBOMe in its powder form (either insufflated or otherwise) is strongly discouraged, as the potency is far greater than the accuracy of most scales.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, due to the physical strain the drug causes one should not use it if there are any pre-existing heart conditions <ref name="1334a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Paraphernalia ==<br />
<br />
None.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
25I N-BOMe was first synthesised in 2003 by Ralf Heim at the Free University of Berlin and was published as part of his PhD dissertation.<br />
<br />
There was virtually no recorded history of human use prior to 2010, when it first became popular due its ease of purchase from online research chemical vendors <ref name="1332a"/>.<br />
<br />
----<br />
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<hr />
<div>a condition that may occur when muscle tissue is damaged due to an injury in which muscle in the body is damaged</div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=Disseminated_intravascular_coagulation&diff=715Disseminated intravascular coagulation2017-07-10T10:54:33Z<p>Sharon: Created page with "a condition in which blood clots form throughout the body's small blood vessels. These blood clots can reduce or block blood flow through the blood vessels, which can damage t..."</p>
<hr />
<div>a condition in which blood clots form throughout the body's small blood vessels. These blood clots can reduce or block blood flow through the blood vessels, which can damage the body's organs.</div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=MDEA&diff=714MDEA2017-07-10T10:52:10Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Also known as ==<br />
<br />
mde, eve<br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
<br />
Entactogen<br />
[[Category:entactogens]]<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Suggested uses are urethane catalyst, textile softeners, pH control, and epoxy resin curing agents <ref name="1320a">Huntsman Corporation, '''Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)''', 2010, http://www.huntsman.com/portal/page/portal/C348531D1F3DA9A2E040EBCD2B6B7B06 </ref>.<br />
<br />
== Medical usage ==<br />
<br />
MDEA currently has no accepted medical uses <ref name="1330a">'''3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine''', 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine </ref><br />
<br />
== What does it look like? ==<br />
<br />
Clear, colourless or yellow liquid without any mechanical impurities <ref name="1321a">'''Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)''', 2017, http://sintez-oka.com/eng/products/alkylethanolamines/mdea/</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Dosage ==<br />
<br />
=== Abuse ===<br />
<br />
==== Oral ====<br />
<br />
* threshold - 50 - 70 mg,<br />
* light - 70 - 120 mg <ref name="1315a">'''MDEA''', 2017, https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/MDEA</ref>, 80 - 100 mg <ref name="1319a">'''MDEA''', 2017, http://drugs.tripsit.me/mdea</ref>,<br />
* common - 120 - 180 mg <ref name="1315a"/>, 100 - 150 mg <ref name="1319a"/>,<br />
* strong - 180 - 225 mg <ref name="1315a"/>, 150 - 200 mg <ref name="1319a"/>,<br />
* heavy - 225 mg + <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
== How long do its effects last? ==<br />
<br />
=== Onset of effects ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 20 - 60 minutes <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
* all [[ROA]]'s - 30 - 60 minutes <ref name="1319a"/>.<br />
* oral - 140 mg - 20 - 85 minutes <ref name="1323a">Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E. and Hermle, L. and Kovar, K. A. and Sass, H., '''Die Entaktogene "Ecstasy" (MDMA), "Eve" (MDE) und andere ringsubstituierte Methamphetaminderivate. Eine neue Stoffklasse unter den illegalen Designer-drogen?''', ''Nervenarzt'', 1996, 67, 369-380</ref>,<br />
* oral - 160 mg - 40 minutes <ref name="1222a">Shulgin, A. aShulgin, A., '''''Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved: A Chemical Love Story''''', 2015, https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Come up ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 15 - 30 minutes <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Peak ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 90 - 120 minutes <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Offset ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 1 - 2 hours <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Duration of effects ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 3 - 5 hours <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
* all [[ROA]]'s - 3 - 6 hours <ref name="1319a"/>,<br />
* oral - 140 mg - 2 - 3 hours <ref name="1323a"/>,<br />
* oral - 160 mg - 3 - 5 hours <ref name="1222a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== After-effects ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 12 - 48 hours <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Pharmacology ==<br />
<br />
MDEA has been shown to act as a releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor of the key monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline <ref name="1316a">Freudenmann, R. W. and Spitzer, M., '''The Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethyl-amphetamine (MDEA)''', ''CNS Drug Reviews'', 2004, 10, 2, 89-116, https://org.doi/10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00007.x, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00007.x/abstractjsessionid=DFEBB1CE08CA49F66D700DD8AF6666FE.f04t03 </ref>, which are the neurotransmitters responsible for modulating focus, motivation, pleasure, and reward. This is done by inhibiting the reuptake and reabsorption of monoamine neurotransmitters after they have performed their function of transmitting a neural impulse, allowing them to accumulate in the synaptic cleft and be reused in a manner which causes physically stimulating, sedating, disinhibiting and euphoric effects <ref name="1317a">Fleckenstein, A. E. and Volz, T. J. and Riddle, E. L. and Gibb, J. W. and Hanson, G. R., '''New Insights into the Mechanism of Action of Amphetamines''', ''Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology'', 2007, 47, 681-698, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105140, http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105140</ref>. The often-reported "stoning" effects have been theorised to arise from the higher relative activity MDEA has on releasing serotonin over dopamine compared to [[MDMA]].<br />
<br />
It has also been noted that MDEA, even at lower doses, stimulates the release of oxytocin and prolactin, two hormones that are currently being studied for their potential roles in modulating the feeling of trust and love <ref name="1318a">Passie, T., '''''Healing with Entactogens: Therapist and Patient Perspectives on MDMA-Assisted Group Psychotherapy''''', 2012, Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), ISBN 0979862272, 92, https://www.amazon.com/Healing-Entactogens-Perspectives-MDMA-Assisted-Psychotherapy/dp/0979862272</ref>, <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Route of administration ===<br />
<br />
MDEA is usually taken orally, rarely nasally or as a suppository. As amines, all RSAs are soluble in water and alcohol <ref name="1328a">Climko, R. P. and Roehrich, H. and Sweeney, D. R. and Al-Razi, J., '''Ecstasy: A review of MDMA and MDA''', ''International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine'', 1986, 16, 4, 359-372, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2881902</ref>, <ref name="1329a">Kalant, H., '''The pharmacology and toxicology of "ecstasy" (MDMA) and related drugs''', ''Canadian Medical Association Journal'', 2001, 165, 7, 917-928, http://www.cmaj.ca/content/165/7/917.full</ref>, and can, therefore, be injected. Their inhalation as a vapour is impossible due to their high boiling points <ref name="1322a">Freudenmann, R. W. and Spitzer, M., '''The Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethyl-amphetamine (MDEA)''', ''CNS Drug Reviews'', 2004,10, 2, 89-116, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00007.x/pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Lethal dosage ===<br />
<br />
Exact toxic dosage is unknown <ref name="1315a"/>. The oral [[LD50]] value in the rat is 4.78 g/kg and the dermal [[LD50]] value in the albino rabbit is 6.24 g/kg <ref name="1320a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Toxicity ===<br />
<br />
On the basis of acute studies with laboratory animals, methyldiethanolamine is considered slightly toxic by single oral dose and practically nontoxic by single dermal application <ref name="1320a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Tolerance ===<br />
<br />
Tolerance to many of the effects of MDEA develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly larger doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 1 - 1.5 months for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 2 - 3 months to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). MDEA presents cross-tolerance with all dopaminergic and serotonergic stimulants and entactogens, meaning that after the consumption of MDEA all of these will have a reduced effect <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Effects ==<br />
<br />
=== Physical effects ===<br />
<br />
* physical euphoria,<br />
* pupil dilation,<br />
* spontaneous physical sensations,<br />
* bodily control enhancement,<br />
* perception of bodily heaviness,<br />
* stamina enhancement,<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* tactile enhancement,<br />
* appetite suppression,<br />
* sedation,<br />
* brain zaps,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* difficulty urinating,<br />
* increased blood pressure,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* increased perspiration,<br />
* teeth grinding,<br />
* temperature regulation suppression,<br />
* temporary erectile dysfunction <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Cognitive effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* cognitive euphoria,<br />
* compulsive redosing,<br />
* depression,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* mindfulness,<br />
* time distortion,<br />
* creativity enhancement,<br />
* dream potentiation,<br />
* empathy, affection and sociability enhancement,<br />
* focus enhancement,<br />
* immersion enhancement,<br />
* increased libido,<br />
* increased music appreciation,<br />
* motivation enhancement,<br />
* stamina enhancement,<br />
* thought acceleration,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* anxiety suppression,<br />
* cognitive fatigue,<br />
* disinhibition,<br />
* dream suppression,<br />
* motivation suppression,<br />
* thought deceleration,<br />
* existential self-realisation,<br />
* unity and interconnectedness <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Visual effects ===<br />
<br />
* colour enhancement,<br />
* pattern recognition enhancement,<br />
* symmetrical texture repetition,<br />
* tracers,<br />
* double vision,<br />
* vibrating vision,<br />
* peripheral information misinterpretation <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Auditory effects ===<br />
<br />
* auditory distortion,<br />
* auditory enhancement,<br />
* auditory hallucinations <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Overdose ===<br />
<br />
Reported overdose symptoms of MDEA include the following -<br />
<br />
* [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]],<br />
* muscle rigidity,<br />
* [[rhabdomyolysis]],<br />
* convulsions,<br />
* [[tachycardia]],<br />
* [[hypotension]],<br />
* sweating <ref name="1331a">Tehan, B. and Hardern, R. and Bodenham, A., '''Hyperthermia associated with 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine ('Eve')''', ''Anaesthesia'', 1993, 48, 6, 507-510, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1993.tb07072.x</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
MDEA has the potential to trigger acute psychotic disorders and induce dysphoric mood, anxiety as well as panic attacks <ref name="1324a">Gouzoulis, E. and Borchardt, D. and Hermle, L., '''A case of toxic psychosis induced by 'eve' (3,4-methylene-dioxyethyl-amphetamine)''', ''Archives of General Psychiatry'', 1993, 50, 75</ref>, <ref name="1325a">Hermle, L. and Spitzer, M. and Borchardt, D. and Kovar, K. A. and Gouzoulis, E., '''Psychological effects of MDE in normal subjects. Are entactogens a new class of psychoactive agents?''', ''Neuropsychopharmacology'', 1993, 8, 171-176</ref>, <ref name="1326a">Iwersen, S. and Schmoldt, A., '''Two very different fatal cases associated with the use of methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA): Eve as deadly as Adam''', ''Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology'', 1996, 34, 241-244</ref>, <ref name="1327a">Vaiva, G. and Boss, V. and Bailly, D. and Thomas, P. and Lestavel, P. and Goudemand, M., '''An "accidental" acute psychosis with ecstasy use''', ''Journal of Psychoactive Drugs'', 2001, 33, 1, 95-98, https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2001.10400473, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11333007</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Addiction ==<br />
<br />
=== Can you get addicted ===<br />
<br />
As with other stimulants, the chronic use of MDEA can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Interactions ==<br />
<br />
Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
* '''25x-NBOMe''' - Both the NBOMe series and this compound induce powerful stimulation and their interaction may cause severe side-effects. These can include [[thought loops]], seizures, increased blood pressure, [[vasoconstriction]], increased heart rate, and heart failure (in extreme cases).<br />
* '''Alcohol''' - It is dangerous to combine alcohol, a depressant, with stimulants due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the sedative effect of alcohol which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of alcohol will be significantly increased, leading to intensified disinhibition as well as [[respiratory depression]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only drinking a certain amount of alcohol per hour.<br />
* '''DXM''' - This combination may cause increased heart rate and panic attacks.<br />
* '''MXE''' - Increased heart rate and blood pressure may occur.<br />
* '''Tramadol''' - This combination can increase the risk of seizures.<br />
* '''MAOIs''' - This combination may increase the amount of neurotransmitters such as dopamine to dangerous or even fatal levels. Examples include syrian rue, banisteriopsis caapi, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, αMT, and some antidepressants <ref name="1049a">Gillman, P. K., '''Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, opioid analgesics and serotonin toxicity''', ''British Journal of Anaesthesia'', 2005, 95, 4, 434-441, https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aei210, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16051647</ref>.<br />
* '''Stimulants''' - The neurotoxic effects of MDEA may be increased when combined with other stimulants.<br />
* '''Cocaine''' - This combination may increase strain on the heart <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Dangerous ===<br />
<br />
* '''αMT''',<br />
* '''Tramadol''' - Tramadol and stimulants both increase the risk of seizures.<br />
* '''MAOIs''' - MAO-B inhibitors can increase the potency and duration of phenethylamines unpredictably. MAO-A inhibitors with amphetamine can lead to hypertensive crises <ref name="1319a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Unsafe ===<br />
<br />
* '''DOx''' - The combined stimulating effects of the two can lead to an uncomfortable body-load, while the focusing effects of amphetamine can easily lead to [[thought loops]]. Coming down from amphetamines while the DOx is still active can be quite [[anxiogenic]].<br />
* '''NBOMes''' - Amphetamines and NBOMes both provide considerable stimulation. When combined they can result in [[tachycardia]], [[hypertension]], [[vasoconstriction]] and in extreme cases heart failure. The [[anxiogenic]] and focusing effects of stimulants are also not good in combination with psychedelics as they can lead to unpleasant [[thought loops]]. NBOMes are known to cause seizures and stimulants can increase this risk.<br />
* '''2C-T-x''' - Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of [[thought loops]] which can lead to negative experiences. In extreme cases, they can result in severe [[vasoconstriction]], [[tachycardia]], [[hypertension]], and in extreme cases heart failure.<br />
* '''5-MeO-xxT''' - The [[anxiogenic]] and focusing effects of stimulants increase the chance of unpleasant [[thought loops]]. The combination is generally unnecessary because of the stimulating effects of psychedelics.<br />
* '''DXM''' - Both substances raise heart rate, in extreme cases, panic attacks caused by these drugs have led to more serious heart issues.<br />
* '''PCP''' - This combination can easily lead to hypermanic states <ref name="1319a"/>.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=MDEA&diff=713MDEA2017-07-10T10:51:42Z<p>Sharon: Created page with "== Also known as == mde, eve == Classification == Entactogen Category:entactogen == Overview == Suggested uses are urethane catalyst, textile softeners, pH control, an..."</p>
<hr />
<div>== Also known as ==<br />
<br />
mde, eve<br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
<br />
Entactogen<br />
[[Category:entactogen]]<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Suggested uses are urethane catalyst, textile softeners, pH control, and epoxy resin curing agents <ref name="1320a">Huntsman Corporation, '''Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)''', 2010, http://www.huntsman.com/portal/page/portal/C348531D1F3DA9A2E040EBCD2B6B7B06 </ref>.<br />
<br />
== Medical usage ==<br />
<br />
MDEA currently has no accepted medical uses <ref name="1330a">'''3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine''', 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine </ref><br />
<br />
== What does it look like? ==<br />
<br />
Clear, colourless or yellow liquid without any mechanical impurities <ref name="1321a">'''Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)''', 2017, http://sintez-oka.com/eng/products/alkylethanolamines/mdea/</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Dosage ==<br />
<br />
=== Abuse ===<br />
<br />
==== Oral ====<br />
<br />
* threshold - 50 - 70 mg,<br />
* light - 70 - 120 mg <ref name="1315a">'''MDEA''', 2017, https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/MDEA</ref>, 80 - 100 mg <ref name="1319a">'''MDEA''', 2017, http://drugs.tripsit.me/mdea</ref>,<br />
* common - 120 - 180 mg <ref name="1315a"/>, 100 - 150 mg <ref name="1319a"/>,<br />
* strong - 180 - 225 mg <ref name="1315a"/>, 150 - 200 mg <ref name="1319a"/>,<br />
* heavy - 225 mg + <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
== How long do its effects last? ==<br />
<br />
=== Onset of effects ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 20 - 60 minutes <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
* all [[ROA]]'s - 30 - 60 minutes <ref name="1319a"/>.<br />
* oral - 140 mg - 20 - 85 minutes <ref name="1323a">Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E. and Hermle, L. and Kovar, K. A. and Sass, H., '''Die Entaktogene "Ecstasy" (MDMA), "Eve" (MDE) und andere ringsubstituierte Methamphetaminderivate. Eine neue Stoffklasse unter den illegalen Designer-drogen?''', ''Nervenarzt'', 1996, 67, 369-380</ref>,<br />
* oral - 160 mg - 40 minutes <ref name="1222a">Shulgin, A. aShulgin, A., '''''Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved: A Chemical Love Story''''', 2015, https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Come up ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 15 - 30 minutes <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Peak ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 90 - 120 minutes <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Offset ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 1 - 2 hours <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Duration of effects ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 3 - 5 hours <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
* all [[ROA]]'s - 3 - 6 hours <ref name="1319a"/>,<br />
* oral - 140 mg - 2 - 3 hours <ref name="1323a"/>,<br />
* oral - 160 mg - 3 - 5 hours <ref name="1222a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== After-effects ===<br />
<br />
* oral - 12 - 48 hours <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Pharmacology ==<br />
<br />
MDEA has been shown to act as a releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor of the key monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline <ref name="1316a">Freudenmann, R. W. and Spitzer, M., '''The Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethyl-amphetamine (MDEA)''', ''CNS Drug Reviews'', 2004, 10, 2, 89-116, https://org.doi/10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00007.x, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00007.x/abstractjsessionid=DFEBB1CE08CA49F66D700DD8AF6666FE.f04t03 </ref>, which are the neurotransmitters responsible for modulating focus, motivation, pleasure, and reward. This is done by inhibiting the reuptake and reabsorption of monoamine neurotransmitters after they have performed their function of transmitting a neural impulse, allowing them to accumulate in the synaptic cleft and be reused in a manner which causes physically stimulating, sedating, disinhibiting and euphoric effects <ref name="1317a">Fleckenstein, A. E. and Volz, T. J. and Riddle, E. L. and Gibb, J. W. and Hanson, G. R., '''New Insights into the Mechanism of Action of Amphetamines''', ''Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology'', 2007, 47, 681-698, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105140, http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105140</ref>. The often-reported "stoning" effects have been theorised to arise from the higher relative activity MDEA has on releasing serotonin over dopamine compared to [[MDMA]].<br />
<br />
It has also been noted that MDEA, even at lower doses, stimulates the release of oxytocin and prolactin, two hormones that are currently being studied for their potential roles in modulating the feeling of trust and love <ref name="1318a">Passie, T., '''''Healing with Entactogens: Therapist and Patient Perspectives on MDMA-Assisted Group Psychotherapy''''', 2012, Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), ISBN 0979862272, 92, https://www.amazon.com/Healing-Entactogens-Perspectives-MDMA-Assisted-Psychotherapy/dp/0979862272</ref>, <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Route of administration ===<br />
<br />
MDEA is usually taken orally, rarely nasally or as a suppository. As amines, all RSAs are soluble in water and alcohol <ref name="1328a">Climko, R. P. and Roehrich, H. and Sweeney, D. R. and Al-Razi, J., '''Ecstasy: A review of MDMA and MDA''', ''International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine'', 1986, 16, 4, 359-372, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2881902</ref>, <ref name="1329a">Kalant, H., '''The pharmacology and toxicology of "ecstasy" (MDMA) and related drugs''', ''Canadian Medical Association Journal'', 2001, 165, 7, 917-928, http://www.cmaj.ca/content/165/7/917.full</ref>, and can, therefore, be injected. Their inhalation as a vapour is impossible due to their high boiling points <ref name="1322a">Freudenmann, R. W. and Spitzer, M., '''The Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethyl-amphetamine (MDEA)''', ''CNS Drug Reviews'', 2004,10, 2, 89-116, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1527-3458.2004.tb00007.x/pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Lethal dosage ===<br />
<br />
Exact toxic dosage is unknown <ref name="1315a"/>. The oral [[LD50]] value in the rat is 4.78 g/kg and the dermal [[LD50]] value in the albino rabbit is 6.24 g/kg <ref name="1320a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Toxicity ===<br />
<br />
On the basis of acute studies with laboratory animals, methyldiethanolamine is considered slightly toxic by single oral dose and practically nontoxic by single dermal application <ref name="1320a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Tolerance ===<br />
<br />
Tolerance to many of the effects of MDEA develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly larger doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 1 - 1.5 months for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 2 - 3 months to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). MDEA presents cross-tolerance with all dopaminergic and serotonergic stimulants and entactogens, meaning that after the consumption of MDEA all of these will have a reduced effect <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Effects ==<br />
<br />
=== Physical effects ===<br />
<br />
* physical euphoria,<br />
* pupil dilation,<br />
* spontaneous physical sensations,<br />
* bodily control enhancement,<br />
* perception of bodily heaviness,<br />
* stamina enhancement,<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* tactile enhancement,<br />
* appetite suppression,<br />
* sedation,<br />
* brain zaps,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* difficulty urinating,<br />
* increased blood pressure,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* increased perspiration,<br />
* teeth grinding,<br />
* temperature regulation suppression,<br />
* temporary erectile dysfunction <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Cognitive effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* cognitive euphoria,<br />
* compulsive redosing,<br />
* depression,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* mindfulness,<br />
* time distortion,<br />
* creativity enhancement,<br />
* dream potentiation,<br />
* empathy, affection and sociability enhancement,<br />
* focus enhancement,<br />
* immersion enhancement,<br />
* increased libido,<br />
* increased music appreciation,<br />
* motivation enhancement,<br />
* stamina enhancement,<br />
* thought acceleration,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* anxiety suppression,<br />
* cognitive fatigue,<br />
* disinhibition,<br />
* dream suppression,<br />
* motivation suppression,<br />
* thought deceleration,<br />
* existential self-realisation,<br />
* unity and interconnectedness <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Visual effects ===<br />
<br />
* colour enhancement,<br />
* pattern recognition enhancement,<br />
* symmetrical texture repetition,<br />
* tracers,<br />
* double vision,<br />
* vibrating vision,<br />
* peripheral information misinterpretation <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Auditory effects ===<br />
<br />
* auditory distortion,<br />
* auditory enhancement,<br />
* auditory hallucinations <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Overdose ===<br />
<br />
Reported overdose symptoms of MDEA include the following -<br />
<br />
* [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]],<br />
* muscle rigidity,<br />
* [[rhabdomyolysis]],<br />
* convulsions,<br />
* [[tachycardia]],<br />
* [[hypotension]],<br />
* sweating <ref name="1331a">Tehan, B. and Hardern, R. and Bodenham, A., '''Hyperthermia associated with 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine ('Eve')''', ''Anaesthesia'', 1993, 48, 6, 507-510, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1993.tb07072.x</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
MDEA has the potential to trigger acute psychotic disorders and induce dysphoric mood, anxiety as well as panic attacks <ref name="1324a">Gouzoulis, E. and Borchardt, D. and Hermle, L., '''A case of toxic psychosis induced by 'eve' (3,4-methylene-dioxyethyl-amphetamine)''', ''Archives of General Psychiatry'', 1993, 50, 75</ref>, <ref name="1325a">Hermle, L. and Spitzer, M. and Borchardt, D. and Kovar, K. A. and Gouzoulis, E., '''Psychological effects of MDE in normal subjects. Are entactogens a new class of psychoactive agents?''', ''Neuropsychopharmacology'', 1993, 8, 171-176</ref>, <ref name="1326a">Iwersen, S. and Schmoldt, A., '''Two very different fatal cases associated with the use of methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA): Eve as deadly as Adam''', ''Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology'', 1996, 34, 241-244</ref>, <ref name="1327a">Vaiva, G. and Boss, V. and Bailly, D. and Thomas, P. and Lestavel, P. and Goudemand, M., '''An "accidental" acute psychosis with ecstasy use''', ''Journal of Psychoactive Drugs'', 2001, 33, 1, 95-98, https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2001.10400473, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11333007</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Addiction ==<br />
<br />
=== Can you get addicted ===<br />
<br />
As with other stimulants, the chronic use of MDEA can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Interactions ==<br />
<br />
Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
* '''25x-NBOMe''' - Both the NBOMe series and this compound induce powerful stimulation and their interaction may cause severe side-effects. These can include [[thought loops]], seizures, increased blood pressure, [[vasoconstriction]], increased heart rate, and heart failure (in extreme cases).<br />
* '''Alcohol''' - It is dangerous to combine alcohol, a depressant, with stimulants due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the sedative effect of alcohol which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of alcohol will be significantly increased, leading to intensified disinhibition as well as [[respiratory depression]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only drinking a certain amount of alcohol per hour.<br />
* '''DXM''' - This combination may cause increased heart rate and panic attacks.<br />
* '''MXE''' - Increased heart rate and blood pressure may occur.<br />
* '''Tramadol''' - This combination can increase the risk of seizures.<br />
* '''MAOIs''' - This combination may increase the amount of neurotransmitters such as dopamine to dangerous or even fatal levels. Examples include syrian rue, banisteriopsis caapi, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, αMT, and some antidepressants <ref name="1049a">Gillman, P. K., '''Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, opioid analgesics and serotonin toxicity''', ''British Journal of Anaesthesia'', 2005, 95, 4, 434-441, https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aei210, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16051647</ref>.<br />
* '''Stimulants''' - The neurotoxic effects of MDEA may be increased when combined with other stimulants.<br />
* '''Cocaine''' - This combination may increase strain on the heart <ref name="1315a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Dangerous ===<br />
<br />
* '''αMT''',<br />
* '''Tramadol''' - Tramadol and stimulants both increase the risk of seizures.<br />
* '''MAOIs''' - MAO-B inhibitors can increase the potency and duration of phenethylamines unpredictably. MAO-A inhibitors with amphetamine can lead to hypertensive crises <ref name="1319a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Unsafe ===<br />
<br />
* '''DOx''' - The combined stimulating effects of the two can lead to an uncomfortable body-load, while the focusing effects of amphetamine can easily lead to [[thought loops]]. Coming down from amphetamines while the DOx is still active can be quite [[anxiogenic]].<br />
* '''NBOMes''' - Amphetamines and NBOMes both provide considerable stimulation. When combined they can result in [[tachycardia]], [[hypertension]], [[vasoconstriction]] and in extreme cases heart failure. The [[anxiogenic]] and focusing effects of stimulants are also not good in combination with psychedelics as they can lead to unpleasant [[thought loops]]. NBOMes are known to cause seizures and stimulants can increase this risk.<br />
* '''2C-T-x''' - Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of [[thought loops]] which can lead to negative experiences. In extreme cases, they can result in severe [[vasoconstriction]], [[tachycardia]], [[hypertension]], and in extreme cases heart failure.<br />
* '''5-MeO-xxT''' - The [[anxiogenic]] and focusing effects of stimulants increase the chance of unpleasant [[thought loops]]. The combination is generally unnecessary because of the stimulating effects of psychedelics.<br />
* '''DXM''' - Both substances raise heart rate, in extreme cases, panic attacks caused by these drugs have led to more serious heart issues.<br />
* '''PCP''' - This combination can easily lead to hypermanic states <ref name="1319a"/>.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=A_to_Z_of_drugs&diff=712A to Z of drugs2017-07-10T10:51:04Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| <!-- class=wikitable --><br />
|-<br />
|'''Illegal'''<br />
|'''Category's'''<br />
|'''Legal'''<br />
|'''Prescription only'''<br />
|'''Substitute'''<br />
|'''Others'''<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Amphetamines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anaesthetics]]<br />
|* [[Alcohol]]<br />
|* [[Alprazolam]]<br />
|* [[Buprenorphine]]<br />
|* [[Flumazenil]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[AMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Analgesics]]<br />
|* [[Betel nut]]<br />
|* [[Citalopram]]<br />
|* [[Methadone]]<br />
|* [[Naxolone]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Anabolic Steroids]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anticonvulsants]]<br />
|* [[Caffeine]]<br />
|* [[Codeine]]<br />
|* [[Naltrexone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Benzodiazepines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Antidepressants]]<br />
|* [[Paracetamol]]<br />
|* [[Dextroamphetamine]]<br />
|* [[Suboxone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[BZP]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anxiolytics]]<br />
|* [[Tobacco]]<br />
|* [[Diazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||* [[Marijuana|Cannabis]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Appetite suppressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Fentanyl]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Cocaine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Depressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Gabapentin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dagga]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Diuretics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydrocodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Entactogens]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydromorphone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Gabapentinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Methylphenidate]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DOB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hallucinogenics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Mirtazapine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DXM]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hypnotics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Morphine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Inhalants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Oxycodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[GBL / GHB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Muscle relaxants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Phenobarbital]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Heroin]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Pregabalin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Inhalants]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychedelics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Temazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ketamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychoactives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Tramadol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Khat]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Sedatives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Zopiclone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Kratom]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Stimulants]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[LSD]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Synthetic hormones]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mandrax]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Marijuana]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[mCPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDAI]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDEA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy|MDMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mephedrone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mescaline]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methamphetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methylone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine|MXE]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mushrooms]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[New psychoactive substances]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrites]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrous oxide]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[NRG-1]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Opium]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine|PCP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phenazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Piperazines]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[PMMA/PMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Psilocybin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Rohypnol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Salvia divinorum]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic cannabinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[TFMPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[U-47700]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[25I N-BOMe]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[5-MeO Group]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[6-APB & 5-APB ('Benzofury')]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; left:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div><br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; right:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=A_to_Z_of_drugs&diff=711A to Z of drugs2017-07-10T10:50:13Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| <!-- class=wikitable --><br />
|-<br />
|'''Illegal'''<br />
|'''Category's'''<br />
|'''Legal'''<br />
|'''Prescription only'''<br />
|'''Substitute'''<br />
|'''Others'''<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Amphetamines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anaesthetics]]<br />
|* [[Alcohol]]<br />
|* [[Alprazolam]]<br />
|* [[Buprenorphine]]<br />
|* [[Flumazenil]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[AMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Analgesics]]<br />
|* [[Betel nut]]<br />
|* [[Citalopram]]<br />
|* [[Methadone]]<br />
|* [[Naxolone]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Anabolic Steroids]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anticonvulsants]]<br />
|* [[Caffeine]]<br />
|* [[Codeine]]<br />
|* [[Naltrexone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Benzodiazepines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Antidepressants]]<br />
|* [[Paracetamol]]<br />
|* [[Dextroamphetamine]]<br />
|* [[Suboxone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[BZP]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anxiolytics]]<br />
|* [[Tobacco]]<br />
|* [[Diazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||* [[Marijuana|Cannabis]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Appetite suppressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Fentanyl]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Cocaine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Depressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Gabapentin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dagga]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Diuretics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydrocodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Entactogens]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydromorphone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Gabapentinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Methylphenidate]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DOB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hallucinogenics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Mirtazapine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DXM]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hypnotics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Morphine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Inhalants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Oxycodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[GBL / GHB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Muscle relaxants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Phenobarbital]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Heroin]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Pregabalin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Inhalants]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychedelics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Temazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ketamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychoactives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Tramadol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Khat]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Sedatives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Zopiclone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Kratom]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Stimulants]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[LSD]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Synthetic hormones]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mandrax]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Marijuana]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[mCPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDAI]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy|MDMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDEA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mephedrone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mescaline]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methamphetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methylone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine|MXE]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mushrooms]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[New psychoactive substances]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrites]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrous oxide]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[NRG-1]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Opium]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine|PCP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phenazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Piperazines]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[PMMA/PMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Psilocybin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Rohypnol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Salvia divinorum]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic cannabinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[TFMPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[U-47700]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[25I N-BOMe]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[5-MeO Group]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[6-APB & 5-APB ('Benzofury')]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; left:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div><br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; right:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=A_to_Z_of_drugs&diff=710A to Z of drugs2017-07-10T00:16:44Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| <!-- class=wikitable --><br />
|-<br />
|'''Illegal'''<br />
|'''Category's'''<br />
|'''Legal'''<br />
|'''Prescription only'''<br />
|'''Substitute'''<br />
|'''Others'''<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Amphetamines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anaesthetics]]<br />
|* [[Alcohol]]<br />
|* [[Alprazolam]]<br />
|* [[Buprenorphine]]<br />
|* [[Flumazenil]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[AMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Analgesics]]<br />
|* [[Betel nut]]<br />
|* [[Citalopram]]<br />
|* [[Methadone]]<br />
|* [[Naxolone]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Anabolic Steroids]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anticonvulsants]]<br />
|* [[Caffeine]]<br />
|* [[Codeine]]<br />
|* [[Naltrexone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Benzodiazepines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Antidepressants]]<br />
|* [[Paracetamol]]<br />
|* [[Dextroamphetamine]]<br />
|* [[Suboxone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[BZP]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anxiolytics]]<br />
|* [[Tobacco]]<br />
|* [[Diazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||* [[Marijuana|Cannabis]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Appetite suppressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Fentanyl]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Cocaine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Depressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Gabapentin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dagga]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Diuretics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydrocodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Entactogens]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydromorphone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Gabapentinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Methylphenidate]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DOB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hallucinogenics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Mirtazapine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DXM]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hypnotics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Morphine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Inhalants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Oxycodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[GBL / GHB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Muscle relaxants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Phenobarbital]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Heroin]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Pregabalin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Inhalants]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychedelics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Temazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ketamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychoactives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Tramadol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Khat]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Sedatives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Zopiclone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Kratom]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Stimulants]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[LSD]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Synthetic hormones]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mandrax]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Marijuana]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[mCPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDAI]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy|MDMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mephedrone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mescaline]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methamphetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methylone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine|MXE]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mushrooms]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[New psychoactive substances]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrites]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrous oxide]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[NRG-1]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Opium]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine|PCP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phenazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Piperazines]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[PMMA/PMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Psilocybin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Rohypnol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Salvia divinorum]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic cannabinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[TFMPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[U-47700]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[25I N-BOMe]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[5-MeO Group]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[6-APB & 5-APB ('Benzofury')]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; left:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div><br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; right:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=A_to_Z_of_drugs&diff=709A to Z of drugs2017-07-10T00:16:04Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| <!-- class=wikitable --><br />
|-<br />
|'''Illegal'''<br />
|'''Category's'''<br />
|'''Legal'''<br />
|'''Prescription only'''<br />
|'''Substitute'''<br />
|'''Others'''<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Amphetamines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anaesthetics]]<br />
|* [[Alcohol]]<br />
|* [[Alprazolam]]<br />
|* [[Buprenorphine]]<br />
|* [[Flumazenil]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[AMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Analgesics]]<br />
|* [[Betel nut]]<br />
|* [[Citalopram]]<br />
|* [[Methadone]]<br />
|* [[Naxolone]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Anabolic Steroids]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anticonvulsants]]<br />
|* [[Caffeine]]<br />
|* [[Codeine]]<br />
|* [[Naltrexone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Benzodiazepines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Antidepressants]]<br />
|* [[Paracetamol]]<br />
|* [[Dextroamphetamine]]<br />
|* [[Suboxone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[BZP]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anxiolytics]]<br />
|* [[Tobacco]]<br />
|* [[Diazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||* [[Marijuana|Cannabis]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Appetite suppressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Fentanyl]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Cocaine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Depressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Gabapentin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dagga]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Diuretics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydrocodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Entactogens]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydromorphone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Gabapentinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Methylphenidate]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DOB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hallucinogenics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Mirtazapine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DXM]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hypnotics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Morphine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Inhalants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Oxycodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[GBL / GHB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Muscle relaxants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Phenobarbital]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Heroin]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Pregabalin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Inhalants]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychedelics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Temazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ketamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychoactives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Tramadol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Khat]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Sedatives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Zopiclone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Kratom]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Stimulants]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[LSD]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Synthetic hormones]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mandrax]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Marijuana]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[mCPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDAI]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy|MDMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mephedrone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mescaline]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methamphetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methylone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine|MXE]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mushrooms]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[New psychoactive substances]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrites]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrous oxide]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[NRG-1]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Opium]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine|PCP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phenazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Piperazines]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[PMMA/PMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Psilocybin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Rohypnol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Salvia divinorum]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic cannabinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[TFMPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[U-47700]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[25I N-BOMe]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[5-MeO Group]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[6-APB & 5-APB ('Benzofury')]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; left:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div><br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; right:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=A_to_Z_of_drugs&diff=708A to Z of drugs2017-07-10T00:15:31Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| <!-- class=wikitable --><br />
|-<br />
|'''Illegal'''<br />
|'''Category's'''<br />
|'''Legal'''<br />
|'''Prescription only'''<br />
|'''Substitute'''<br />
|'''Others'''<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Amphetamines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anaesthetics]]<br />
|* [[Alcohol]]<br />
|* [[Alprazolam]]<br />
|* [[Buprenorphine]]<br />
|* [[Flumazenil]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[AMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Analgesics]]<br />
|* [[Betel nut]]<br />
|* [[Citalopram]]<br />
|* [[Methadone]]<br />
|* [[Naxolone]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Anabolic Steroids]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anticonvulsants]]<br />
|* [[Caffeine]]<br />
|* [[Codeine]]<br />
|* [[Naltrexone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Benzodiazepines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Antidepressants]]<br />
|* [[Paracetamol]]<br />
|* [[Dextroamphetamine]]<br />
|* [[Suboxone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[BZP]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anxiolytics]]<br />
|* [[Tobacco]]<br />
|* [[Diazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||* [[Marijuana|Cannabis]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Appetite suppressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Fentanyl]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Cocaine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Depressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Gabapentin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dagga]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Diuretics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydrocodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Entactogens]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydromorphone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Gabapentinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Methylphenidate]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DOB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hallucinogenics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Mirtazapine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DXM]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hypnotics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Morphine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Inhalants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Oxycodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[GBL / GHB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Muscle relaxants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Phenobarbital]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Heroin]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Pregabalin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Inhalants]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychedelics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Temazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ketamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychoactives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Tramadol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Khat]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Sedatives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Zopiclone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Kratom]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Stimulants]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[LSD]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Synthetic hormones]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mandrax]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Marijuana]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[mCPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDAI]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy|MDMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mephedrone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mescaline]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methamphetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methylone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine|MXE]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mushrooms]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[New psychoactive substances]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrites]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrous oxide]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[NRG-1]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Opium]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine!PCP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phenazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Piperazines]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[PMMA/PMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Psilocybin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Rohypnol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Salvia divinorum]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic cannabinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[TFMPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[U-47700]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[25I N-BOMe]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[5-MeO Group]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[6-APB & 5-APB ('Benzofury')]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; left:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div><br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; right:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=A_to_Z_of_drugs&diff=707A to Z of drugs2017-07-10T00:15:02Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| <!-- class=wikitable --><br />
|-<br />
|'''Illegal'''<br />
|'''Category's'''<br />
|'''Legal'''<br />
|'''Prescription only'''<br />
|'''Substitute'''<br />
|'''Others'''<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Amphetamines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anaesthetics]]<br />
|* [[Alcohol]]<br />
|* [[Alprazolam]]<br />
|* [[Buprenorphine]]<br />
|* [[Flumazenil]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[AMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Analgesics]]<br />
|* [[Betel nut]]<br />
|* [[Citalopram]]<br />
|* [[Methadone]]<br />
|* [[Naxolone]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Anabolic Steroids]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anticonvulsants]]<br />
|* [[Caffeine]]<br />
|* [[Codeine]]<br />
|* [[Naltrexone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Benzodiazepines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Antidepressants]]<br />
|* [[Paracetamol]]<br />
|* [[Dextroamphetamine]]<br />
|* [[Suboxone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[BZP]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anxiolytics]]<br />
|* [[Tobacco]]<br />
|* [[Diazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||* [[Marijuana|Cannabis]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Appetite suppressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Fentanyl]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Cocaine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Depressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Gabapentin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dagga]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Diuretics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydrocodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Entactogens]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydromorphone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Gabapentinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Methylphenidate]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DOB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hallucinogenics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Mirtazapine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DXM]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hypnotics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Morphine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Inhalants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Oxycodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[GBL / GHB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Muscle relaxants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Phenobarbital]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Heroin]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Pregabalin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Inhalants]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychedelics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Temazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ketamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychoactives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Tramadol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Khat]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Sedatives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Zopiclone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Kratom]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Stimulants]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[LSD]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Synthetic hormones]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mandrax]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Marijuana]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[mCPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDAI]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy|MDMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mephedrone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mescaline]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methamphetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methylone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine!MXE]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mushrooms]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[New psychoactive substances]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrites]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrous oxide]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[NRG-1]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Opium]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine!PCP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phenazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Piperazines]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[PMMA/PMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Psilocybin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Rohypnol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Salvia divinorum]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic cannabinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[TFMPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[U-47700]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[25I N-BOMe]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[5-MeO Group]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[6-APB & 5-APB ('Benzofury')]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; left:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div><br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; right:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=A_to_Z_of_drugs&diff=706A to Z of drugs2017-07-10T00:14:32Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| <!-- class=wikitable --><br />
|-<br />
|'''Illegal'''<br />
|'''Category's'''<br />
|'''Legal'''<br />
|'''Prescription only'''<br />
|'''Substitute'''<br />
|'''Others'''<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Amphetamines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anaesthetics]]<br />
|* [[Alcohol]]<br />
|* [[Alprazolam]]<br />
|* [[Buprenorphine]]<br />
|* [[Flumazenil]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[AMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Analgesics]]<br />
|* [[Betel nut]]<br />
|* [[Citalopram]]<br />
|* [[Methadone]]<br />
|* [[Naxolone]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Anabolic Steroids]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anticonvulsants]]<br />
|* [[Caffeine]]<br />
|* [[Codeine]]<br />
|* [[Naltrexone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Benzodiazepines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Antidepressants]]<br />
|* [[Paracetamol]]<br />
|* [[Dextroamphetamine]]<br />
|* [[Suboxone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[BZP]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anxiolytics]]<br />
|* [[Tobacco]]<br />
|* [[Diazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
||* [[Marijuana|Cannabis]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Appetite suppressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Fentanyl]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Cocaine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Depressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Gabapentin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dagga]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Diuretics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydrocodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Entactogens]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydromorphone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Gabapentinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Methylphenidate]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DOB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hallucinogenics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Mirtazapine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DXM]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hypnotics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Morphine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Inhalants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Oxycodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[GBL / GHB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Muscle relaxants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Phenobarbital]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Heroin]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Pregabalin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Inhalants]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychedelics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Temazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ketamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychoactives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Tramadol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Khat]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Sedatives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Zopiclone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Kratom]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Stimulants]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[LSD]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Synthetic hormones]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mandrax]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Marijuana]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[mCPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDAI]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy!MDMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mephedrone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mescaline]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methamphetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methylone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine!MXE]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mushrooms]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[New psychoactive substances]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrites]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrous oxide]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[NRG-1]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Opium]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine!PCP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phenazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Piperazines]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[PMMA/PMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Psilocybin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Rohypnol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Salvia divinorum]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic cannabinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[TFMPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[U-47700]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[25I N-BOMe]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[5-MeO Group]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[6-APB & 5-APB ('Benzofury')]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; left:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div><br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; right:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=A_to_Z_of_drugs&diff=705A to Z of drugs2017-07-10T00:14:01Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| <!-- class=wikitable --><br />
|-<br />
|'''Illegal'''<br />
|'''Category's'''<br />
|'''Legal'''<br />
|'''Prescription only'''<br />
|'''Substitute'''<br />
|'''Others'''<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Amphetamines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anaesthetics]]<br />
|* [[Alcohol]]<br />
|* [[Alprazolam]]<br />
|* [[Buprenorphine]]<br />
|* [[Flumazenil]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[AMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Analgesics]]<br />
|* [[Betel nut]]<br />
|* [[Citalopram]]<br />
|* [[Methadone]]<br />
|* [[Naxolone]]<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Anabolic Steroids]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anticonvulsants]]<br />
|* [[Caffeine]]<br />
|* [[Codeine]]<br />
|* [[Naltrexone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Benzodiazepines]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Antidepressants]]<br />
|* [[Paracetamol]]<br />
|* [[Dextroamphetamine]]<br />
|* [[Suboxone]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[BZP]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Anxiolytics]]<br />
|* [[Tobacco]]<br />
|* [[Diazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Marijuana!Cannabis]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Appetite suppressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Fentanyl]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Cocaine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Depressants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Gabapentin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dagga]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Diuretics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydrocodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Entactogens]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Hydromorphone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Gabapentinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Methylphenidate]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DOB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hallucinogenics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Mirtazapine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[DXM]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Hypnotics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Morphine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Inhalants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Oxycodone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[GBL / GHB]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Muscle relaxants]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Phenobarbital]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Heroin]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Pregabalin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Inhalants]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychedelics]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Temazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ketamine]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Psychoactives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Tramadol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Khat]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Sedatives]]<br />
|<br />
|* [[Zopiclone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Kratom]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Stimulants]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[LSD]]<br />
|* [[:Category:Synthetic hormones]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mandrax]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Marijuana]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[mCPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[MDAI]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Ecstasy!MDMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mephedrone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mescaline]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methamphetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methylone]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Methoxetamine!MXE]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Mushrooms]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[New psychoactive substances]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrites]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Nitrous oxide]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[NRG-1]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Opium]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine!PCP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phenazepam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Phencyclidine]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Piperazines]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[PMMA/PMA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Psilocybin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Rohypnol]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Salvia divinorum]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic cannabinoids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[Synthetic opioids]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[TFMPP]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[U-47700]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[25I N-BOMe]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[2C-B (& other 2C-type drugs)]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[5-MeO Group]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|* [[6-APB & 5-APB ('Benzofury')]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; left:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div><br />
<span id="BackToTop"></span><br />
<div class="noprint" style="background-color:#fc3; color:#d33; position:fixed; bottom:2%; right:0.25%; padding:0; margin:0;"><br />
[[#top| '''Back to the Top''' ]]<br />
</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=Nitrous_oxide&diff=704Nitrous oxide2017-06-07T10:47:30Z<p>Sharon: /* Legality */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Also known as ==<br />
<br />
Whippits, laughing gas, hippie crack, chargers, nitro, N2O, NOS, nangs, whippet, buzz bomb, balloons, nitrous, crackers, johnny gas, bulbs<br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
<br />
Depressant<br />
[[Category:Depressants]]<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
Nitrous oxide is a colourless gas that is commonly used for sedation and pain relief, but is also used by people to feel intoxicated or 'high' <ref name="1a">Malamed, S. F. and Clark, M. S., '''Nitrous oxide-oxygen: a new look at a very old technique''', ''Journal of the California Dental Association'', 2003, 31, 5, 397-404</ref>.<br />
<br />
It is commonly used by dentists and medical professionals to sedate patients undergoing minor medical procedures. It is also a food additive when used as a propellant for whipped cream, and is used in the car industry to enhance engine performance. It is also increasingly being used to treat people withdrawing from alcohol dependence. Nitrous oxide is classified as a 'dissociative anaesthetic' and has been found to produce dissociation of the mind from the body (a sense of floating), distorted perceptions and in rare cases, visual hallucinations <ref name="100a">Brands, B. and Sproule, B. and Marshman, J., '''Drugs & drug abuse''', 1998, 3rd edition, Addiction Research Foundation, Ontario, Canada</ref>, <ref name="2a">'''Nitrous oxide''', 2016, http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/drug-facts/nitrous-oxide</ref>.<br />
<br />
Nitrous oxide is a gas with several legitimate uses, but when inhaled it can make people feel euphoric and relaxed. This happy feeling has led to it being nicknamed 'laughing gas'. Some people also experience hallucinations.<br />
<br />
However, there is a risk of death as a lack of oxygen can occur when using nitrous oxide. This risk is likely to be greater if the gas is consumed in an enclosed space or if a substantial amount is rapidly used <ref name="3a">'''Nitrous oxide''', 2016, http://www.talktofrank.com/drug/nitrous-oxide</ref>.<br />
<br />
There are three main legitimate uses of nitrous oxide -<br />
<br />
* To numb pain during medical procedures such as dental work.<br />
* In engines to increase their power output.<br />
* In catering, in whipped cream aerosol cans to prevent the cream going 'bad' and in food packaging to prevent the food from rotting <ref name="3a"/>.<br />
<br />
Nitrous oxide is a colourless gas. Some people say that it has a slightly sweet smell and taste.<br />
<br />
It is normally bought in pressured canisters, varying in size and depending on what it will be used for. The gas is commonly transferred to a container, e.g. a balloon, from which the gas is inhaled.<br />
<br />
Nitrous oxide is most commonly inhaled through the mouth. Because nitrous oxide is a pressurised gas in the canister, there is a risk of harming yourself if you inhale nitrous oxide straight from the canister. This method can lead to sudden death due to a lack of oxygen and is one reason why nitrous oxide is sold to people in balloons <ref name="3a"/>.<br />
<br />
Nitrous oxide is a gas that has a long history of use as an anaesthetic and, more recently, as a propellant in aerosol cans as a replacement for ozone-damaging CFCs.<br />
<br />
It has a long history of use as a recreational substance, but due to the relative ease of obtaining it (being legal to purchase) and sharing it, it is particularly popular amongst teenagers and younger people, as well as festival goers. There has been a notable increase in reported use in recent years, and certain sections of the media have dubbed nitrous oxide ‘hippy crack’, though it has very little connection to either part of this term <ref name="4a">'''Nitrous oxide''', 2017, http://www.release.org.uk/drugs/nitrous-oxide</ref>.<br />
<br />
== What does it look like? ==<br />
<br />
Nitrous oxide is a colourless gas that is slightly sweet smelling and tasting <ref name="5a">'''Nitrous oxide''', 2017, http://www.drugscience.org.uk/drugs/dissociatives/nitrous-oxide/</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Source ==<br />
<br />
Nitrous oxide is also found in supermarket cans of whipped cream, although it is not as easily inhalable from this source.<br />
<br />
Other sources of nitrous oxide include full sized gas cylinders, intended for medical or industrial use. Using these is high risk outside of the medical context. Breathing the pure gas directly from a tank using a mask on your face may be fatal because it can cause oxygen deprivation. Opening a tank in a car or small room could do the same. Filling a bag with the gas from a tank and putting it over your head can kill easily. Tanks of nitrous oxide intended for use in cars can contain other substances like sulphur dioxide which could cause harm <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Why take it? ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* mild euphoria (often giggling),<br />
* head rush/light headedness <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* headaches,<br />
* nausea.<br />
* mood swings,<br />
* excessive use can cause breathing difficulties and heart problems <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
* it makes you clumsier than a drunk clown, lots of people fall over and hurt themselves,<br />
* it can make you feel like you're going to vomit, especially if you mix it with alcohol,<br />
* some people get an instant headache of epic proportions,<br />
* too much can make you faint <ref name="6a">Bourne, H., '''Laughing gas''', 2015, http://www.themix.org.uk/drink-and-drugs/legal-highs/laughing-gas-9995.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
== What are the different forms? ==<br />
<br />
* '''canned whipped cream''' - These are found in any grocery store. They contain very minimal gas with one or two uses before the cream comes out, <br />
* '''chargers''' - These are readily available and cheap to purchase online. They are small metal canisters which can be used by a nitrous cracker to fill a balloon full of gas which is then inhaled. Some varieties contain industrial residue and strength vary (as it is food grade), <br />
* '''medical tanks''' - These are hard to find and dangerous without a professional. They are occasionally seen at music festivals being used to fill balloons for sale <ref name="7a">'''Nitrous oxide''', 2016, https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/Nitrous_Oxide</ref>.<br />
<br />
== How long do its effects last? ==<br />
<br />
Some individuals may experience a headache after extended use which can last several hours <ref name="8a">'''Nitrous oxide''', 2017, https://www.reddit.com/r/drugs/wiki/nitrous</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Onset of effects ===<br />
<br />
0 - 1 minutes <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Come up ===<br />
<br />
15 - 30 seconds <ref name="8a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Peak ===<br />
<br />
15 - 30 seconds <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Offset ===<br />
<br />
1 - 5 minutes <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Duration of effects ===<br />
<br />
1 - 5 minutes <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Coming down ===<br />
<br />
10 minutes <ref name="8a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== After-effects ===<br />
<br />
15 - 30 minutes <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Pharmacology ==<br />
<br />
N₂0 is an inorganic molecule that works on the brain as a biological regulator. It has analgesic effects similar to opioids in nature, as well as anaesthetic and anxiolytic actions. Its anxiolytic effects are similar to benzodiazepines and act on the GABAA receptor. At high concentrations, N₂0 can displace oxygen, which can result in asphyxiation to the subject <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
Although N2O affects quite a few receptors, its anaesthetic, hallucinogenic, and euphoriant effects are likely caused predominantly or fully via its effects as an NMDA receptor antagonist <ref name="9a">Yamakura, T. and Harris, R. A., '''Effects of gaseous anesthetics nitrous oxide and xenon on ligand-gated ion channels. Comparison with isoflurane and ethanol''', ''Anesthesiology'', 2000, 93, 4, 1095-1101, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11020766</ref>, <ref name="10a">Emmanouil, D. E. and Quock, R. M., '''Advances in understanding the actions of nitrous oxide''', ''Anaesthesia Progress'', 2007, 54, 1, 9-18, https://doi.org/10.2344/0003-3006(2007)54[9:AIUTAO]2.0.CO;2, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17352529</ref>. NMDA receptors allow for electrical signals to pass between neurons in the brain and spinal column; for the signals to pass, the receptor must be open. Dissociatives close the NMDA receptors by blocking them. This disconnection of neurons leads to loss of feeling, difficulty moving, and eventually the famous 'hole' <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Tolerance ===<br />
<br />
Tolerance to many of the effects of nitrous oxide develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Nitrous oxide presents cross-tolerance with no other psychoactive substances, meaning that after the use of nitrous oxide other dissociatives will not have a reduced effect <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Mode of use ==<br />
<br />
The gas is inhaled, typically by discharging nitrous gas cartridges (bulbs or whippets) into another object, such as a balloon, or directly into the mouth. Inhaling nitrous oxide produces a rapid rush of euphoria and feeling of 'floating' or excitement for a short period of time <ref name="11a">Papanastasiou, C. and Dietze, P., '''Just a laughing matter? Nitrous oxide use among a group of regular psychostimulant users in Melbourne, Victoria''', 2015, Centre for Population Health, Melbourne</ref>.<br />
<br />
Recreational users normally get it from whipped-cream chargers, which are single-use, finger-length steel cartridges containing 8g of highly pressurised nitrous oxide. These are usually discharged into a balloon with a kind of whipped cream dispenser or a smaller widget called a 'cracker'. This balloon method seems to be relatively low risk <ref name="11a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Effects ==<br />
<br />
=== Short-term effects ===<br />
<br />
The following effects may be felt almost immediately and can last for a few minutes -<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* numbness of the body,<br />
* sedation,<br />
* giddiness,<br />
* uncontrolled laughter,<br />
* uncoordinated movements,<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* dizziness and/or light-headedness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* feeling unusually tired or weak,<br />
* sudden death <ref name="100a"/>, <ref name="12a">'''Nitrous oxide''', 2017, http://www.re-solv.org/healthy/20/#1453218621835-8d9f60a4-5b96</ref>, <ref name="11a"/>, <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Long-term effects ===<br />
<br />
Prolonged exposure to nitrous oxide may result in - <br />
<br />
* memory loss,<br />
* vitamin B12 depletion (long-term depletion causes brain and nerve damage),<br />
* ringing or buzzing in the ears,<br />
* incontinence,<br />
* numbness in the hands or feet,<br />
* limb spasms,<br />
* potential birth defects (if consumed during pregnancy),<br />
* weakened immune system,<br />
* disruption to reproductive systems,<br />
* depression,<br />
* psychological dependence,<br />
* psychosis <ref name="100a"/>, <ref name="12a"/>, <ref name="11a"/>, <ref name="2a"/>, <ref name="13a">Garland, E. L. and Howard, M. O. and Perron, B. E., '''Nitrous oxide inhalation among adolescents: Prevalence, correlates, and co-occurrence with volatile solvent inhalation''', ''Journal of Psychoactive Drugs'', 2009, 41, 4, 337-347, https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2009.10399771, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2921531/</ref>.<br />
<br />
Inhaling nitrous oxide can be fatal if oxygen supplies fall, which is known as hypoxia <ref name="100a"/>, <ref name="12a"/>, <ref name="11a"/>, <ref name="2a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Physical effects ===<br />
<br />
* changes in felt bodily form,<br />
* physical euphoria,<br />
* spontaneous tactile sensations,<br />
* motor control loss,<br />
* perception of decreased weight,<br />
* tactile suppression,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* headaches <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Cognitive effects ===<br />
<br />
* cognitive euphoria,<br />
* compulsive redosing,<br />
* depersonalisation,<br />
* derealisation,<br />
* déjà vu,<br />
* laughter,<br />
* suggestibility enhancement,<br />
* amnesia,<br />
* information processing suppression,<br />
* memory suppression,<br />
* thought deceleration,<br />
* unity and interconnectedness <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Visual effects ===<br />
<br />
* acuity suppression,<br />
* double vision,<br />
* frame rate suppression,<br />
* pattern recognition suppression,<br />
* geometry,<br />
* external hallucinations,<br />
* internal hallucinations <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Auditory effects ===<br />
<br />
* auditory distortion,<br />
* auditory suppression <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Positive effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiolytic,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* giggling and laughing,<br />
* neuroprotection,<br />
* dream-like state <ref name="14a">'''Nitrous oxide''', 2017, https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/Nitrous_Oxide</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Neutral effects ===<br />
<br />
* analgesia,<br />
* sound distortion,<br />
* minor to strong hallucinations,<br />
* minor to strong visualisations <ref name="14a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Negative effects ===<br />
<br />
* neurotoxicity,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* reduction of vitamin b12 levels in the body,<br />
* numbness in extremities <ref name="14a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
Nitrous oxide can cause dizziness or affect your judgement, which might make you act carelessly or dangerously and put you at risk of hurting yourself, particularly in an unsafe environment <ref name="15a">'''Nitrous oxide''', 2017, http://knowthescore.info/drugs-a-z/nitrous-oxide</ref>.<br />
<br />
Other risks include -<br />
<br />
* Unconsciousness or death from lack of oxygen. This occurs when the available oxygen for breathing is effectively pushed out by the nitrous oxide. The risk is greater if the gas is consumed in an enclosed space or if a plastic bag is used that covers both nose and mouth.<br />
* It can be hard to judge the amount to use safely - just enough to get a high but not so much to end up fainting, having an accident or much worse.<br />
* Severe vitamin B deficiency can develop with heavy, regular use of nitrous oxide. This can cause serious nerve damage, which leads to tingling and numbness in the fingers, toes and other extremities, and even to difficulties with walking, and to pains in the affected areas <ref name="15a"/>.<br />
* Heavy regular use of nitrous oxide can lead to deficiency of vitamin B12 and to a form of anaemia. The severe B12 deficiency can lead to serious nerve damage in some cases, which causes tingling and numbness in the fingers and toes and other extremities, and even difficulties with walking and pains in affected areas. Regular use may also depress formation of white blood cells <ref name="3a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Purity ==<br />
<br />
Sulphur dioxide, a poisonous gas, is added to the nitrous oxide used in engines to discourage people from using it to get 'high' <ref name="3a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Addiction ==<br />
<br />
As with other NMDA receptor antagonists, the chronic use of nitrous oxide can be considered mildly addictive with a low potential for abuse <ref name="7a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Can you get addicted ===<br />
<br />
It may be possible to become psychologically dependent on nitrous oxide, meaning that users develop an increased desire to keep using it despite any harms, but the evidence on this is limited. In anecdotal reports, some people have reported developing cravings or feelings that they want to continue using nitrous oxide <ref name="3a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Dangerous interactions ==<br />
<br />
=== Caution ===<br />
<br />
* '''Alcohol''' - Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are likely.<br />
* '''GHB/GBL''' - Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are likely.<br />
* '''Opioids''' - Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are likely.<br />
* '''Tramadol''' - Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are likely <ref name="16a">'''N2O''', 2016, http://drugs.tripsit.me/nitrous</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Legality ==<br />
<br />
Although nitrous oxide has been legal in the past, since the ''Psychoactive Substances Act'' came into effect on 26 May 2016, it is now illegal to supply or import nitrous oxide for human consumption <ref name="3a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Did you know? ===<br />
<br />
Like drinking and driving, it's illegal to drive if your driving has been impaired by taking drugs. With some drugs, you can even remain unfit to drive the next day. As well as this drug-impaired-driving offence, it's now illegal in England and Wales to drive over set levels for any of 17 named drugs (legal and illegal) in your body, whether or not you are impaired. Very low limits have been set for some common illegal drugs such as cannabis, cocaine and MDMA. You can get a heavy fine, be disqualified from driving or even go to prison.<br />
<br />
Check out the [http://think.direct.gov.uk/ Think! Website] for more details <ref name="3a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Mixing with other drugs ==<br />
<br />
Mixing nitrous oxide with alcohol is especially dangerous as it can increase the risks associated with both substances and can lead to an increased risk of accidents or death.<br />
<br />
Sulphur dioxide, a poisonous gas, is added to the nitrous oxide used in engines to discourage people from using it to get 'high' <ref name="3a"/>.<br />
<br />
There is no current evidence demonstrating that mixing nitrous oxide with other substances increases health risks. However, it is possible that combining the gas with stimulants and other drugs places additional pressure on the heart, increases blood pressure and may disrupt heart rate <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
Anecdotal evidence suggests that combining nitrous oxide with other drugs such as cannabis, ketamine, LSD, 'magic mushrooms' and salvia can cause intense dissociation <ref name="5a"/>, <ref name="17a">'''Nitrous oxide''', 2017, https://drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=Nitrous_Oxide</ref>.<br />
<br />
Nitrous oxide can, allegedly, briefly multiply the effects of psychedelics like LSD, or bring the effects back strongly when the drug is wearing off, which could be very frightening if unexpected <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
Mixing nitrous oxide and alcohol can cause -<br />
<br />
* confusion,<br />
* feeling heavy or sluggish,<br />
* reduced concentration,<br />
* loss of body control <ref name="18a">Zacny, J. P. and Camarillo, V. M. and Sadeghi, P. and Black, M., '''Effects of ethanol and nitrous oxide, alone and in combination, on mood, psychomotor performance and pain reports in healthy volunteers''', ''Drug and Alcohol Dependence'', 1998, 52, 2, 115-123, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9800141</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Harm reduction advice ==<br />
<br />
Heart failure - gas or solvent use may stop the heart instantly or cause it to beat irregularly. Sudden exercise after inhaling solvents increases the risk of heart failure.<br />
<br />
Suffocation and asphyxiation - when volatile substances are used in an enclosed space, there is a risk of suffocation due to lack of oxygen, especially if the user becomes unconscious. When users place their whole head in a bag containing a volatile substance, they incur a high risk of suffocation. If inhaling from a balloon, it is important not to take too big a breath in one go, as this can overwhelm you and make you lightheaded. Keep an eye on how much friends are taking too.<br />
<br />
Choking on vomit, especially when unconscious, is another significant risk. Accumulating the amount you use, particularly if you are by yourself, increases the risk. In any peer group, particularly one where party drugs are regularly used, it is important to have people trained in basic first aid awareness <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
* '''Accidental injuries''' - users may become confused and disorientated. This creates a risk of accidents such as falling or drowning, and loss of spatial awareness which can result in poor decision making in relation to tasks such as crossing the road. Young people may use volatile substances in dangerous environments such as car parks, construction sites, railway embankments or river sides. Such places are hazardous and may be inaccessible to emergency services.<br />
<br />
* '''Burns''' - gases and solvents can usually be highly flammable and therefore carry a high risk of serious burn injuries, especially when used near cigarettes or candles. The canisters are also highly pressurised and therefore carry a risk of explosion near naked flames <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
Nitrous oxide is not physically addictive, but it is easy to get caught up in using too much when with friends, such as over a weekend long festival. Users may also feel that they cannot do without them for a few hours after stopping use. These cravings will lessen with time <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
When inhaling directly from tanks or whippets (bulbs), the gas is intensely cold (-40 degrees) and can cause frostbite to the nose, lips and throat (including vocal cords) <ref name="5a"/>. As the gas is also under constant pressure, it can cause ruptures in lung tissue when inhaled directly from these containers. Releasing the nitrous oxide into a balloon helps to warm the gas and normalise the pressure before inhaling <ref name="5a"/>, <ref name="17a"/>.<br />
<br />
People can also harm themselves if they use faulty gas dispensers, which may explode. Dispensing several gas canisters consecutively with one cracker (a handheld device used to 'crack' a nitrous oxide bulb/whippet) can also cause cold burns to the hands <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Using a balloon ===<br />
<br />
Using a balloon, with caution, is the least risky way to use nitrous oxide. Here the gas is dispensed into a balloon from which a user inhales and exhales repeatedly until they have had enough or the gas runs out. If the user overdoes it and oxygen levels in the body drop to the degree where they are close to passing out, they will be unable to hold the balloon to their lips and will automatically breathe air again. This safety mechanism minimises the risk of death by suffocation, but will not prevent a user overdoing it enough to suffer a headache or other unpleasant effects. Paying attention to any discomfort and not resisting the urge to breathe will minimise the chances of harm of any kind <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Choosing the right setting ===<br />
<br />
The risks of hurting yourself if you fall or lose coordination and awareness when taking nitrous oxide can be minimised by sitting down away from hard edges and other hazards <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Never try to fill a space with the gas ===<br />
<br />
If someone has got hold of a large canister of nitrous oxide they should never attempt to fill a room, car, bag over someone's head, or any enclosed space with the gas. This can lead to fatal oxygen starvation. It is much safer to use a balloon <ref name="5a"/>.<br />
<br />
It is possible to reduce the risks associated with misusing nitrous oxide by not -<br />
<br />
* using it alone or in dangerous or isolated places,<br />
* putting plastic bags over the head or impeding breathing in any way,<br />
* spraying near flammable substances, such as naked flames or cigarettes,<br />
* drinking alcohol or taking other drugs,<br />
* standing or dancing while inhaling, as the user may pass out <ref name="11a"/>, <ref name="5a"/>,<br />
* make sure you are sitting down and won't hurt yourself if you get dizzy<br />
* very cold temperatures of the gas can freeze the lips and throat if taken directly from a tank or whippit. Releasing the gas into a balloon first allows the gas to warm before being administered.<br />
* avoid driving.<br />
* avoid walking or moving in general if possible <ref name="14a"/>.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Nitrous oxide was first identified in the late 18th century by the British scientist and theologian Joseph Priestley, who was also responsible for isolating oxygen. Sir Humphrey Davy, of the Pneumatic Institution in Bristol, introduced the gas to friends and colleagues and coined the term 'laughing gas' due to the reactions it provoked.<br />
<br />
In the early 19th century a practice of piping the gas into sealed auditoria, whilst audiences were entertained by comic acts on stage, came into vogue. These 'laughing gas parties' were primarily the preserve of the upper classes, and were seen as more civilised entertainment than the debauched alternatives (mostly involving alcohol) of the poorer.<br />
<br />
In the late 20th century, as the technology to compress the gas into portable canisters became more widely available, the use of nitrous oxide began to spread to a wider using group, becoming especially popular amongst teenagers who could purchase the canisters more easily than alcohol or other drugs. Nitrous oxide has become the focus of media attention after a number of cases linking it to deaths have come to light, and whilst (as with any substance) there are potential health risks associated with its excessive use, such as lack of oxygen to the brain, it is certainly not a new phenomenon or a more dangerous substance now than it has been in the past <ref name="4a"/>.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Sidebar&diff=703MediaWiki:Sidebar2017-06-07T10:31:43Z<p>Sharon: </p>
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** README_FIRST#Methylphenidate|Methylphenidate<br />
** README_FIRST#Morphine|Morphine<br />
** README_FIRST#Naltrexone|Naltrexone<br />
** README_FIRST#New psychoactive substances|New psychoactive substances<br />
** README_FIRST#Nitrites|Nitrites<br />
** README_FIRST#Nitrous oxide|Nitrous oxide<br />
** README_FIRST#NRG-1|NRG-1<br />
** README_FIRST#Opium|Opium<br />
** README_FIRST#Oxycodone|Oxycodone<br />
** README_FIRST#Phenazepam|Phenazepam<br />
** README_FIRST#Phencyclidine|Phencyclidine<br />
** README_FIRST#Piperazines|Piperazines<br />
** README_FIRST#PMMA/PMA|PMMA/PMA<br />
** README_FIRST#Psilocybin|Psilocybin<br />
** README_FIRST#Rohypnol|Rohypnol<br />
** README_FIRST#Salvia divinorum|Salvia divinorum<br />
** README_FIRST#Suboxone|Suboxone<br />
** README_FIRST#Synthetic cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids<br />
** README_FIRST#TFMPP|TFMPP<br />
** README_FIRST#Tobacco|Tobacco<br />
** README_FIRST#Tramadol|Tramadol<br />
** README_FIRST#Zopiclone|Zopiclone<br />
* In depth<br />
** Bongs|Bongs<br />
** Serotonin syndrome|Serotonin syndrome<br />
** Trips|Trips<br />
* Categories<br />
** :Category:Anaesthetics|Anaesthetics<br />
** :Category:Analgesics|Analgesics<br />
** :Category:Anticonvulsants|Anticonvulsants<br />
** :Category:Antidepressants|Antidepressants<br />
** :Category:Anxiolytics|Anxiolytics<br />
** :Category:Appetite suppressants|Appetite suppressants<br />
** :Category:Depressants|Depressants<br />
** :Category:Diuretics|Diuretics<br />
** :Category:Entactogens|Entactogens<br />
** :Category:Gabapentinoids|Gabapentinoids<br />
** :Category:Hallucinogenics|Hallucinogenics<br />
** :Category:Hypnotics|Hypnotics<br />
** :Category:Inhalants|Inhalants<br />
** :Category:Muscle relaxants|Muscle relaxants<br />
** :Category:Opioids|Opioids<br />
** :Category:Psychedelics|Psychedelics<br />
** :Category:Psychoactives|Psychoactives<br />
** :Category:Sedatives|Sedatives<br />
** :Category:Stimulants|Stimulants<br />
** :Category:Synthetic hormones|Synthetic hormones<br />
* SEARCH<br />
* TOOLBOX</div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=README_FIRST&diff=702README FIRST2017-06-07T10:28:35Z<p>Sharon: /* TFMPP */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
* [[#Alcohol|Alcohol]]<br />
* [[#Alprazolam|Alprazolam]]<br />
* [[#Amphetamines|Amphetamines]]<br />
* [[#AMT|AMT]]<br />
* [[#Anabolic steroids|Anabolic steroids]]<br />
* [[#Benzodiazepines|Benzodiazepines]]<br />
* [[#Betel nut|Betel nut]]<br />
* [[#Buprenorphine|Buprenorphine]]<br />
* [[#BZP|BZP]]<br />
* [[#Caffeine|Caffeine]]<br />
* [[#Citalopram|Citalopram]]<br />
* [[#Cocaine|Cocaine]]<br />
* [[#Codeine|Codeine]]<br />
* [[#Dimethyltryptamine|Dimethyltryptamine]]<br />
* [[#DXM|DXM]]<br />
* [[#Ecstasy|Ecstasy]]<br />
* [[#Gabapentin|Gabapentin]]<br />
* [[#GBL/GHB|GBL/GHB]]<br />
* [[#Heroin|Heroin]]<br />
* [[#Hydromorphone|Hydromorphone]]<br />
* [[#Inhalants|Inhalants]]<br />
* [[#Ketamine|Ketamine]]<br />
* [[#Khat|Khat]]<br />
* [[#Kratom|Kratom]]<br />
* [[#LSD|LSD]]<br />
* [[#Marijuana|Marijuana]]<br />
* [[#mCPP|mCPP]]<br />
* [[#MDA|MDA]]<br />
* [[#Mephedrone|Mephedrone]]<br />
* [[#Mescaline|Mescaline]]<br />
* [[#Methadone|Methadone]]<br />
* [[#Methamphetamine|Methamphetamine]]<br />
* [[#Methoxetamine|Methoxetamine]]<br />
* [[#Methylone|Methylone]]<br />
* [[#Methylphenidate|Methylphenidate]]<br />
* [[#Morphine|Morphine]]<br />
* [[#Naltrexone|Naltrexone]]<br />
* [[#New psychoactive substances|New psychoactive substances]]<br />
* [[#Nitrites|Nitrites]]<br />
* [[#Nitrous oxide|Nitrous oxide]]<br />
* [[#NRG-1|NRG-1]]<br />
* [[#Opium|Opium]]<br />
* [[#Oxycodone|Oxycodone]]<br />
* [[#Phenazepam|Phenazepam]]<br />
* [[#Phencyclidine|Phencyclidine]]<br />
* [[#Phenobarbital|Phenobarbital]]<br />
* [[#Piperazines|Piperazines]]<br />
* [[#PMMA/PMA|PMMA/PMA]]<br />
* [[#Psilocybin|Psilocybin]]<br />
* [[#Rohypnol|Rohypnol]]<br />
* [[#Salvia divinorum|Salvia divinorum]]<br />
* [[#Suboxone|Suboxone]]<br />
* [[#Synthetic cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids]]<br />
* [[#TFMPP|TFMPP]]<br />
* [[#Tobacco|Tobacco]]<br />
* [[#Tramadol|Tramadol]]<br />
* [[#Zopiclone|Zopiclone]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Alcohol ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxed feeling,<br />
* enables people to enjoy socialising,<br />
* release pent-up aggression,<br />
* mild intoxication,<br />
* cheerfulness,<br />
* relaxation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* weakens bodily control and coordination,<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* slurred speech,<br />
* decreased sexual performance,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* disinhibition,<br />
* confusion.<br />
<br />
See [[Alcohol]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Alprazolam ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* sleepiness,<br />
* occasional mild euphoria (happiness),<br />
* feelings of peace and tranquility,<br />
* relaxation of the body and mind,<br />
* improved sleep.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* dizziness/loss of coordination,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* sometimes mild amnesia,<br />
* problems with speech and coordination,<br />
* feeling dizzy and disoriented,<br />
* poor memory and concentration,<br />
* reduced blood pressure,<br />
* reduced respiration rate.<br />
<br />
See [[Alprazolam]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Amphetamines ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* increased energy,<br />
* increased sex drive,<br />
* euphoria (intense happiness) at higher doses,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* confidence. <br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* reduced appetite,<br />
* restlessness,<br />
* loss of coordination (at higher doses),<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* dry mouth.<br />
<br />
See [[Amphetamines]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== AMT ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* mood enhancement,<br />
* empathogenic properties,<br />
* occasional audio and visual experiences.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* nervousness,<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting (common),<br />
* tension headaches,<br />
* occasional muscular aches.<br />
<br />
See [[AMT]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Anabolic steroids ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* assists the male sexual function,<br />
* enhances libido,<br />
* increases production of red blood cells (good for building muscles),<br />
* enhanced muscle mass,<br />
* enhanced performance,<br />
* greater physical definition.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* liver damage (especially tablet form),<br />
* can reduce testicle size,<br />
* inability to get an erection,<br />
* sterility/impotence,<br />
* shrinking and hardening of testicles,<br />
* breast enlargement,<br />
* enlarged clitoris,<br />
* disruption to menstrual cycle,<br />
* growth of facial hair,<br />
* acne,<br />
* deepening of the voice.<br />
<br />
See [[Anabolic_Steroids]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Benzodiazepines ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* calm and relaxed,<br />
* induces long periods of sleep,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* euphoria.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* short-term memory loss,<br />
* reduced mental alertness,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* light-headedness,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* confusion.<br />
<br />
See [[Benzodiazepines]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Betel nut ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* greater energy,<br />
* reduced fatigue,<br />
* talkativeness,<br />
* excitability.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* discolouration of teeth and gums, sometimes turning them reddish-brown,<br />
* mouth ulcers and gum disease,<br />
* oral cancers or sub mucous fibrosis,<br />
* stomach ulcers,<br />
* heart disease.<br />
<br />
See [[Betel nut]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Buprenorphine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* disorientation.<br />
<br />
See [[Buprenorphine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== BZP ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* similar to amphetamines,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* [[euphoria]],<br />
* feelings of being alert,<br />
* full of energy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild headaches,<br />
* extreme fatigue but inability to sleep,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* stomach pain,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* irregular heartbeat,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* allergic reactions,<br />
* fever,<br />
* fits.<br />
<br />
See [[BZP]] for further information.<br />
<br />
== Caffeine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild stimulation,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* reduces feelings of tiredness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* sleeplessness,<br />
* tension,<br />
* palpitations,<br />
* anxiousness.<br />
<br />
See [[Caffeine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Citalopram ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relief of anxiety,<br />
* decrease in suicidal thoughts,<br />
* improves general quality of life,<br />
* improvements in mood.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* sexual dysfunction,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* hypertension,<br />
* sleep disturbances,<br />
* withdrawal,<br />
* dietary restrictions (for maois)<br />
<br />
See [[Citalopram]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Cocaine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* increased wakefulness,<br />
* increased confidence,<br />
* exhilaration,<br />
* elation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* increased chance of stroke and heart attack,<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* tension,<br />
* aggression.<br />
<br />
See [[Cocaine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Codeine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* good for opiate detox/reduction,<br />
* minor euphoric action,<br />
* less stigmatised (compared to other opiates),<br />
* calmness,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* pain relief.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* very constipating (could be considered positive if suffering from IBS-type symptoms),<br />
* minimum euphoria compared with other options,<br />
* dose conversion is difficult,<br />
* urine tests as morphine/heroin,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* itching and flushing of the skin.<br />
<br />
See [[Codeine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Dimethyltryptamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* visual perception (seeing bright colours, geometric shapes, 'soft edge' to objects),<br />
* intense dreams,<br />
* change in self-perception and identity (disconnection from senses when sought),<br />
* changes in consciousness,<br />
* distorted reality.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* hallucinations can become frightening (overly intense),<br />
* sense of disconnection from self,<br />
* effect/comedown can be rapid and abrupt,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* increased blood pressure,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting.<br />
<br />
See [[Dimethyltryptamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== DXM ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* mood lift,<br />
* increased giggling and laughing,<br />
* dissociation of mind from body,<br />
* creative dream-like experiences,<br />
* increased tactile sensation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* body itching,<br />
* rash, red blotchy skin,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* fever,<br />
* tachycardia.<br />
<br />
See [[DXM]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Ecstasy ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* feelings of empathy or emotional understanding in and between individuals,<br />
* exhilaration,<br />
* energy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* raised blood pressure,<br />
* raised body temperature,<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* nystagmus,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* anxiety.<br />
<br />
See [[Ecstasy]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Gabapentin ==<br />
<br />
==== Sought after effects ====<br />
<br />
* improved sociability,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* a sense of calm,<br />
* cannabis-like high.<br />
<br />
==== Undesired effects ====<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* sedation,<br />
* respiratory depression,<br />
* death,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* flatulence,<br />
* constipation or diarrhoea,<br />
* poor muscle control,<br />
* visual disturbances.<br />
<br />
See [[Gabapentin]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== GBL/GHB ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* uninhibited,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* relaxed feeling,<br />
* aids sleep,<br />
* a supplement for body building.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* loss of body control - effects similar to alcohol which can last for several hours,<br />
* feeling sick and being sick,<br />
* numb muscle and disorientation,<br />
* seizures and collapse,<br />
* psychosis and severe agitation,<br />
* tachycardia,<br />
* delirium,<br />
* auditory and visual hallucinations,<br />
* paranoia ,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* short-term memory loss.<br />
<br />
See [[GBL / GHB]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Heroin ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* powerful euphoriant,<br />
* relaxing effects,<br />
* feelings of wellbeing and freedom from worry,<br />
* intense rush,<br />
* exhilaration,<br />
* decreased anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* loss of balance,<br />
* overdose can be fatal,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* decreased heart-rate,<br />
* shallow breathing,<br />
* coma.<br />
<br />
See [[Heroin]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Hydromorphone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* intense pleasure,<br />
* physical relaxation and decreased tension,<br />
* decreased anxiety and worry,<br />
* increased sleepiness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* headache,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* decreased appetite,<br />
* feeling lightheaded or dizzy,<br />
* increased sweating,<br />
* hyperalgesia, or worsening pain,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* depression.<br />
<br />
See [[Hydromorphone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Inhalants ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* dreaminess,<br />
* relaxed,<br />
* fits of giggles (with laughing gas),<br />
* intoxication,<br />
* disinhibition,<br />
* reduced anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* can experience vomiting and blackouts,<br />
* mood swings,<br />
* aggressive behaviour and hallucinations,<br />
* potential breathing problems with chronic use,<br />
* memory impairment,<br />
* solvents and glue often perceived as a 'losers habit' in many circles,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* slurred speech,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* visual disturbance.<br />
<br />
See [[Inhalants]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Ketamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* pain relieving,<br />
* a feeling that mind is separate from the body - described as a floating feeling.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* causes loss of coordination,<br />
* numbness in limbs,<br />
* higher doses can cause an 'out-of-body' experience - the 'K hole,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* hallucinations.<br />
<br />
See [[Ketamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Khat ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoric high accompanied by a sensation down the spine and through the body,<br />
* talkative,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* mild excitement,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* excitement,<br />
* dilated pupils.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* It can cause excessive sleepiness and depression,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* hyperactivity,<br />
* constipation.<br />
<br />
See [[Khat]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Kratom ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* simultaneous stimulation and sedation,<br />
* feelings of empathy,<br />
* feelings of euphoria,<br />
* aphrodisiac qualities for some people,<br />
* vivid waking dreams,<br />
* increases sociability and talkativeness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild depression during and/or after,<br />
* increase in (perceived) body temperature (feel hot and sweaty),<br />
* desire to repeat experience more frequently than intended, can lead to addiction,<br />
* tolerance building quickly after a few days in a row of repeated use, tolerance to effects reduces with a one to three days of abstinence,<br />
* psychosis,<br />
* convulsions,<br />
* hallucinations.<br />
<br />
See [[Kratom]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== LSD ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* effects similar to magic mushrooms,<br />
* senses become distorted,<br />
* perceptual changes to time, space and meaning,<br />
* hallucinations,<br />
* hilarity.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortions can be frightening - 'bad trip',<br />
* can negatively affect people who have mental health problems,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* distortions in time and space.<br />
<br />
See [[LSD]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Marijuana ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mellow, calm feeling,<br />
* sense of well-being,<br />
* changes in senses, especially eating hash cakes,<br />
* often thought of as an aphrodisiac,<br />
* stimulates appetite,<br />
* pain killer (analgesic),<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* hilarity.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* increase in pulse rate,<br />
* drop in blood pressure,<br />
* sense of lethargy,<br />
* concerns about the effect on the mental health of the young,<br />
* can affect short term memory,<br />
* can affect coordination,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* low blood pressure,<br />
* short term memory loss,<br />
* increased appetite.<br />
<br />
See [[Marijuana]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== mCPP ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* feelings of empathy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* raised blood pressure,<br />
* raised body temperature,<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off.<br />
<br />
See [[mCPP]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== MDA ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* visual hallucinations,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* heightened feelings of intimacy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* panic attacks,<br />
* sweating.<br />
<br />
See [[MDA]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Mephedrone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
Effects have been noted as similar to cocaine and MDMA<br />
<br />
* feelings of happiness,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* sociable.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off,<br />
* anxiety.<br />
<br />
See [[Mephedrone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Mescaline == <br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* feelings of interconnectedness,<br />
* spiritual events,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* increased sensitivity to touch,<br />
* increased sense of smell,<br />
* music enhancement,<br />
* increased persistence of vision.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* unwanted spiritual experiences,<br />
* tension,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* intense feelings of dread and doom.<br />
<br />
See [[Mescaline]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methadone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* long-lasting and smooth action,<br />
* prevents heroin withdrawal symptoms.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* none of the pleasurable effects attributed to recreational opiate use,<br />
* light-headedness,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness.<br />
<br />
See [[Methadone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methamphetamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* increased energy,<br />
* talkativeness,<br />
* heightened libido,<br />
* increased alertness,<br />
* concentration,<br />
* enhance self-esteem,<br />
* appetite suppressant.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* panicky,<br />
* obsessive,<br />
* excessive sweating,<br />
* sexually irresponsible,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* tremors,<br />
* jaw-clenching,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* talkativeness.<br />
<br />
See [[Methamphetamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methoxetamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortion of senses,<br />
* dissociative state (feeling of detachment from the body and the wider world),<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* warmth and detachment,<br />
* calmness,<br />
* reduced anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* sometimes nausea and headaches,<br />
* may cause memory problems if used long-term.<br />
<br />
See [[Methoxetamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methylone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* feeling of 'one-ness',<br />
* empathy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* muscle tension,<br />
* nausea and vomiting,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* dizziness and confusion,<br />
* teeth-grinding ('gurning').<br />
<br />
See [[Methylone]] for further details<br />
<br />
== Methylphenidate ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* increased alertness,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* increased motivation,<br />
* abundance of energy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* increased body temperature,<br />
* tachycardia,<br />
* hypertension,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* racing thoughts,<br />
* insomnia.<br />
<br />
See [[Methylphenidate]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Morphine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* very effective painkiller (often the only effective pain relief for chronic pain syndromes),<br />
* wide range of formulations available,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* decreased anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* large dose usually required,<br />
* short-acting,<br />
* very 'prickly' when injected,<br />
* dose increases usually required (variable 'ceiling' dose),<br />
* doctors often reluctant to prescribe,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* respiratory depression,<br />
* constipation.<br />
<br />
See [[Morphine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Naltrexone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* least painful detox yet,<br />
* symptoms abate very quickly.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* cost,<br />
* [[NHS]] licensing in most cases when medicated.<br />
<br />
See [[Naltrexone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== New psychoactive substances ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* Varied. Many substances will have [[stimulant]] or hallucinogenic effects or a combination of both.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* Varied. See individual substances for more information, if available.<br />
<br />
See [[New psychoactive substances]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Nitrites ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* short intense rush,<br />
* intense exhilaration,<br />
* you get a huge rush of blood to the head - like you're hanging upside down or something,<br />
* if you're having sex, it increases all the good feelings every touch feels much nicer than normal,<br />
* you might feel light-headed, giddy, or just really hot,<br />
* some people feel like time has slowed down.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* flushing,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* headache,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* fainting,<br />
* erection difficulties,<br />
* sore throat,<br />
* painful eyes,<br />
* nasty skin rash.<br />
<br />
See [[Nitrites]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Nitrous oxide ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* mild euphoria (often giggling),<br />
* head rush/light headedness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* headaches,<br />
* nausea.<br />
* mood swings,<br />
* excessive use can cause breathing difficulties and heart problems,<br />
* it makes you clumsier than a drunk clown, lots of people fall over and hurt themselves,<br />
* it can make you feel like you're going to vomit, especially if you mix it with alcohol,<br />
* some people get an instant headache of epic proportions,<br />
* too much can make you faint.<br />
<br />
See [[Nitrous oxide]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== NRG-1 ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* excitable,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* increased awareness of surroundings,<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* prolonged wakefulness,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* urge to talk.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* lack of appetite and concentration,<br />
* memory problems with frequent use.<br />
<br />
See [[NRG-1]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Opium ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* calm,<br />
* drowsy,<br />
* dreamy state of mind,<br />
* initial stimulation,<br />
* enhanced imagination,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* decreased anxiety,<br />
* sleep.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
In normal sized doses -<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* decreased heart-rate,<br />
* shallow breathing.<br />
<br />
In large doses -<br />
<br />
* headaches,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* nausea.<br />
<br />
See [[Opium]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Oxycodone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* pain relief,<br />
* perceptions of less physical pain,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* release of muscular tension,<br />
* mental calm or relaxation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* CNS depression,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* slowed or difficult breathing,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* alternating periods of sleep and consciousness.<br />
<br />
See [[Oxycodone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Phenazepam ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
At low doses - <br />
<br />
* relaxing,<br />
* helps with sleep,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* relief of tension,<br />
* relief of anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
At higher doses -<br />
<br />
* dizziness<br />
* loss of memory (can be very profound at high doses),<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* light-headedness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* forgetfulness,<br />
* hiccups.<br />
<br />
See [[Phenazepam]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Phencyclidine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* disinhibition,<br />
* [[hallucinations]].<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* decreased sensitivity to pain,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* numbness,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* [[hallucinations]],<br />
* dissociation ('out-of-the-body' feelings).<br />
<br />
See [[Phencyclidine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Phenobarbital ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoric feelings,<br />
* reduced inhibition,<br />
* feelings of calm/relaxation,<br />
* increased ability to sleep.<br />
<br />
See [[Phenobarbital]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Piperazines ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
==== BZP - similar to amphetamines ====<br />
<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* euphoria.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
==== BZP ====<br />
<br />
* mild headaches,<br />
* fatigue,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* stomach pain,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* irregular heartbeat,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* allergic reactions,<br />
* fever,<br />
* fits.<br />
<br />
See [[Piperazines]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== PMMA/PMA ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* increase in energy,<br />
* minor visuals.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* hallucinations,<br />
* convulsions,<br />
* respiratory distress.<br />
<br />
See [[PMMA/PMA]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Psilocybin ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* senses become distorted,<br />
* changes to time, space and meaning - 'trips' can be ecstatic experiences,<br />
* at low doses, they can make you laugh like a hyena,<br />
* they distort all your senses and merge them together - you can hear the colour red, see the sound of laughter,<br />
* you have lots of deep and meaningful thoughts about the universe, and just feel a general brilliant insight into life,<br />
* time tends to pass more slowly, minutes seem like hours. Everything feels like a dream,<br />
* you feel really happy, calm, and generally tripped-out,<br />
* at higher dosages, you can have full-blown hallucinations, similar to an LSD trip, or see things even when your eyes are closed. If you see nice things, you generally have a fab time,<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortions or 'trips' like frightening paranoid nightmares,<br />
* can negatively affect people who have mental health problems,<br />
* what if you pick the wrong mushroom?! The biggest danger of magic mushrooms is eating a poisonous one by mistake,<br />
* you can get a crippling stomach ache and feel sick; some lucky users also get a bad dose of diarrhoea,<br />
* if you have a bad trip, you could be stuck with intense feelings of sheer terror until the drug wears off,<br />
* having a distorted view of reality can be pretty dangerous if you're trying to cross a road, or similar,<br />
* some users get a pretty bad headache that lasts for days afterwards.<br />
<br />
See [[Psilocybin]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Rohypnol ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxing,<br />
* sleepy,<br />
* reduced anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* aggressive behaviour,<br />
* deep and intense memory loss,<br />
* complete loss of movement and lack of coordination potentially leaving users very vulnerable.<br />
<br />
See [[Rohypnol]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Salvia divinorum ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* [[hallucinations]],<br />
* giggling,<br />
* reminiscence (bringing back happy memories),<br />
* can cause powerful hallucinations where you perceive other dimensions or experience alternate realities,<br />
* some people report a loss of physical coordination with trouble walking or standing,<br />
* uncontrollable laughter, usually at the beginning of the trip,<br />
* headaches can come on as salvia starts to wear off.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* sometimes scary distortions to senses.<br />
<br />
See [[Salvia divinorum]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Suboxone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* long-lasting,<br />
* less drowsy than methadone,<br />
* forces user into full withdrawal,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* feelings of euphoria,<br />
* feelings of calm and well-being,<br />
* reduced sensations of physical pain,<br />
* reduced cravings for other opiates.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* none of the pleasurable effects attributed to recreational opiate use,<br />
* cannot use heroin or other opiates on top,<br />
* headache,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* sweating.<br />
<br />
See [[Suboxone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Synthetic cannabinoids ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* happy and relaxed (in moderate doses),<br />
* synesthetic (one type of stimulation evokes the sensation of another sense) effects.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* problems with coordination,<br />
* [[paranoia]] and forgetfulness is possible but not known change whether it exists for all these chemicals,<br />
* dose/potency concerns.<br />
<br />
See [[Synthetic cannabinoids]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== TFMPP ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mildly hallucinogenic - i.e. changes the way your brain sees things (when used alone at higher doses),<br />
* in combination with [[BZP]], similar to [[MDMA]] ([[ecstasy]]).<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* migraines,<br />
* muscle pain,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* insomnia.<br />
<br />
See [[TFMPP]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Tobacco ==<br />
<br />
==== Sought after effects ====<br />
<br />
* satisfies cravings,<br />
* can give a sense of stress relief,<br />
* oral comfort,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation.<br />
<br />
==== Undesired effects ====<br />
<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* increased pulse rate and blood pressure.<br />
<br />
See [[Tobacco]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Tramadol ==<br />
<br />
==== Sought after effects ====<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* sleepiness,<br />
* pain relief,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* warmth,<br />
* well-being.<br />
<br />
==== Undesired effects ====<br />
<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* sleepiness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* tiredness,<br />
* vomiting.<br />
<br />
See [[Tramadol]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Zopiclone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* sleepiness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* amnesia,<br />
* depression,<br />
* cognitive impairment (confusion).<br />
<br />
See [[Zopiclone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=README_FIRST&diff=701README FIRST2017-06-07T10:28:13Z<p>Sharon: /* TFMPP */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
* [[#Alcohol|Alcohol]]<br />
* [[#Alprazolam|Alprazolam]]<br />
* [[#Amphetamines|Amphetamines]]<br />
* [[#AMT|AMT]]<br />
* [[#Anabolic steroids|Anabolic steroids]]<br />
* [[#Benzodiazepines|Benzodiazepines]]<br />
* [[#Betel nut|Betel nut]]<br />
* [[#Buprenorphine|Buprenorphine]]<br />
* [[#BZP|BZP]]<br />
* [[#Caffeine|Caffeine]]<br />
* [[#Citalopram|Citalopram]]<br />
* [[#Cocaine|Cocaine]]<br />
* [[#Codeine|Codeine]]<br />
* [[#Dimethyltryptamine|Dimethyltryptamine]]<br />
* [[#DXM|DXM]]<br />
* [[#Ecstasy|Ecstasy]]<br />
* [[#Gabapentin|Gabapentin]]<br />
* [[#GBL/GHB|GBL/GHB]]<br />
* [[#Heroin|Heroin]]<br />
* [[#Hydromorphone|Hydromorphone]]<br />
* [[#Inhalants|Inhalants]]<br />
* [[#Ketamine|Ketamine]]<br />
* [[#Khat|Khat]]<br />
* [[#Kratom|Kratom]]<br />
* [[#LSD|LSD]]<br />
* [[#Marijuana|Marijuana]]<br />
* [[#mCPP|mCPP]]<br />
* [[#MDA|MDA]]<br />
* [[#Mephedrone|Mephedrone]]<br />
* [[#Mescaline|Mescaline]]<br />
* [[#Methadone|Methadone]]<br />
* [[#Methamphetamine|Methamphetamine]]<br />
* [[#Methoxetamine|Methoxetamine]]<br />
* [[#Methylone|Methylone]]<br />
* [[#Methylphenidate|Methylphenidate]]<br />
* [[#Morphine|Morphine]]<br />
* [[#Naltrexone|Naltrexone]]<br />
* [[#New psychoactive substances|New psychoactive substances]]<br />
* [[#Nitrites|Nitrites]]<br />
* [[#Nitrous oxide|Nitrous oxide]]<br />
* [[#NRG-1|NRG-1]]<br />
* [[#Opium|Opium]]<br />
* [[#Oxycodone|Oxycodone]]<br />
* [[#Phenazepam|Phenazepam]]<br />
* [[#Phencyclidine|Phencyclidine]]<br />
* [[#Phenobarbital|Phenobarbital]]<br />
* [[#Piperazines|Piperazines]]<br />
* [[#PMMA/PMA|PMMA/PMA]]<br />
* [[#Psilocybin|Psilocybin]]<br />
* [[#Rohypnol|Rohypnol]]<br />
* [[#Salvia divinorum|Salvia divinorum]]<br />
* [[#Suboxone|Suboxone]]<br />
* [[#Synthetic cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids]]<br />
* [[#TFMPP|TFMPP]]<br />
* [[#Tobacco|Tobacco]]<br />
* [[#Tramadol|Tramadol]]<br />
* [[#Zopiclone|Zopiclone]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Alcohol ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxed feeling,<br />
* enables people to enjoy socialising,<br />
* release pent-up aggression,<br />
* mild intoxication,<br />
* cheerfulness,<br />
* relaxation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* weakens bodily control and coordination,<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* slurred speech,<br />
* decreased sexual performance,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* disinhibition,<br />
* confusion.<br />
<br />
See [[Alcohol]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Alprazolam ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* sleepiness,<br />
* occasional mild euphoria (happiness),<br />
* feelings of peace and tranquility,<br />
* relaxation of the body and mind,<br />
* improved sleep.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* dizziness/loss of coordination,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* sometimes mild amnesia,<br />
* problems with speech and coordination,<br />
* feeling dizzy and disoriented,<br />
* poor memory and concentration,<br />
* reduced blood pressure,<br />
* reduced respiration rate.<br />
<br />
See [[Alprazolam]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Amphetamines ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* increased energy,<br />
* increased sex drive,<br />
* euphoria (intense happiness) at higher doses,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* confidence. <br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* reduced appetite,<br />
* restlessness,<br />
* loss of coordination (at higher doses),<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* dry mouth.<br />
<br />
See [[Amphetamines]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== AMT ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* mood enhancement,<br />
* empathogenic properties,<br />
* occasional audio and visual experiences.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* nervousness,<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting (common),<br />
* tension headaches,<br />
* occasional muscular aches.<br />
<br />
See [[AMT]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Anabolic steroids ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* assists the male sexual function,<br />
* enhances libido,<br />
* increases production of red blood cells (good for building muscles),<br />
* enhanced muscle mass,<br />
* enhanced performance,<br />
* greater physical definition.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* liver damage (especially tablet form),<br />
* can reduce testicle size,<br />
* inability to get an erection,<br />
* sterility/impotence,<br />
* shrinking and hardening of testicles,<br />
* breast enlargement,<br />
* enlarged clitoris,<br />
* disruption to menstrual cycle,<br />
* growth of facial hair,<br />
* acne,<br />
* deepening of the voice.<br />
<br />
See [[Anabolic_Steroids]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Benzodiazepines ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* calm and relaxed,<br />
* induces long periods of sleep,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* euphoria.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* short-term memory loss,<br />
* reduced mental alertness,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* light-headedness,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* confusion.<br />
<br />
See [[Benzodiazepines]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Betel nut ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* greater energy,<br />
* reduced fatigue,<br />
* talkativeness,<br />
* excitability.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* discolouration of teeth and gums, sometimes turning them reddish-brown,<br />
* mouth ulcers and gum disease,<br />
* oral cancers or sub mucous fibrosis,<br />
* stomach ulcers,<br />
* heart disease.<br />
<br />
See [[Betel nut]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Buprenorphine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* disorientation.<br />
<br />
See [[Buprenorphine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== BZP ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* similar to amphetamines,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* [[euphoria]],<br />
* feelings of being alert,<br />
* full of energy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild headaches,<br />
* extreme fatigue but inability to sleep,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* stomach pain,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* irregular heartbeat,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* allergic reactions,<br />
* fever,<br />
* fits.<br />
<br />
See [[BZP]] for further information.<br />
<br />
== Caffeine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild stimulation,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* reduces feelings of tiredness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* sleeplessness,<br />
* tension,<br />
* palpitations,<br />
* anxiousness.<br />
<br />
See [[Caffeine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Citalopram ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relief of anxiety,<br />
* decrease in suicidal thoughts,<br />
* improves general quality of life,<br />
* improvements in mood.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* sexual dysfunction,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* hypertension,<br />
* sleep disturbances,<br />
* withdrawal,<br />
* dietary restrictions (for maois)<br />
<br />
See [[Citalopram]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Cocaine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* increased wakefulness,<br />
* increased confidence,<br />
* exhilaration,<br />
* elation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* increased chance of stroke and heart attack,<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* tension,<br />
* aggression.<br />
<br />
See [[Cocaine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Codeine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* good for opiate detox/reduction,<br />
* minor euphoric action,<br />
* less stigmatised (compared to other opiates),<br />
* calmness,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* pain relief.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* very constipating (could be considered positive if suffering from IBS-type symptoms),<br />
* minimum euphoria compared with other options,<br />
* dose conversion is difficult,<br />
* urine tests as morphine/heroin,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* itching and flushing of the skin.<br />
<br />
See [[Codeine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Dimethyltryptamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* visual perception (seeing bright colours, geometric shapes, 'soft edge' to objects),<br />
* intense dreams,<br />
* change in self-perception and identity (disconnection from senses when sought),<br />
* changes in consciousness,<br />
* distorted reality.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* hallucinations can become frightening (overly intense),<br />
* sense of disconnection from self,<br />
* effect/comedown can be rapid and abrupt,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* increased blood pressure,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting.<br />
<br />
See [[Dimethyltryptamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== DXM ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* mood lift,<br />
* increased giggling and laughing,<br />
* dissociation of mind from body,<br />
* creative dream-like experiences,<br />
* increased tactile sensation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* body itching,<br />
* rash, red blotchy skin,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* fever,<br />
* tachycardia.<br />
<br />
See [[DXM]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Ecstasy ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* feelings of empathy or emotional understanding in and between individuals,<br />
* exhilaration,<br />
* energy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* raised blood pressure,<br />
* raised body temperature,<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* nystagmus,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* anxiety.<br />
<br />
See [[Ecstasy]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Gabapentin ==<br />
<br />
==== Sought after effects ====<br />
<br />
* improved sociability,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* a sense of calm,<br />
* cannabis-like high.<br />
<br />
==== Undesired effects ====<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* sedation,<br />
* respiratory depression,<br />
* death,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* flatulence,<br />
* constipation or diarrhoea,<br />
* poor muscle control,<br />
* visual disturbances.<br />
<br />
See [[Gabapentin]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== GBL/GHB ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* uninhibited,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* relaxed feeling,<br />
* aids sleep,<br />
* a supplement for body building.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* loss of body control - effects similar to alcohol which can last for several hours,<br />
* feeling sick and being sick,<br />
* numb muscle and disorientation,<br />
* seizures and collapse,<br />
* psychosis and severe agitation,<br />
* tachycardia,<br />
* delirium,<br />
* auditory and visual hallucinations,<br />
* paranoia ,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* short-term memory loss.<br />
<br />
See [[GBL / GHB]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Heroin ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* powerful euphoriant,<br />
* relaxing effects,<br />
* feelings of wellbeing and freedom from worry,<br />
* intense rush,<br />
* exhilaration,<br />
* decreased anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* loss of balance,<br />
* overdose can be fatal,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* decreased heart-rate,<br />
* shallow breathing,<br />
* coma.<br />
<br />
See [[Heroin]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Hydromorphone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* intense pleasure,<br />
* physical relaxation and decreased tension,<br />
* decreased anxiety and worry,<br />
* increased sleepiness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* headache,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* decreased appetite,<br />
* feeling lightheaded or dizzy,<br />
* increased sweating,<br />
* hyperalgesia, or worsening pain,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* depression.<br />
<br />
See [[Hydromorphone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Inhalants ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* dreaminess,<br />
* relaxed,<br />
* fits of giggles (with laughing gas),<br />
* intoxication,<br />
* disinhibition,<br />
* reduced anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* can experience vomiting and blackouts,<br />
* mood swings,<br />
* aggressive behaviour and hallucinations,<br />
* potential breathing problems with chronic use,<br />
* memory impairment,<br />
* solvents and glue often perceived as a 'losers habit' in many circles,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* slurred speech,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* visual disturbance.<br />
<br />
See [[Inhalants]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Ketamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* pain relieving,<br />
* a feeling that mind is separate from the body - described as a floating feeling.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* causes loss of coordination,<br />
* numbness in limbs,<br />
* higher doses can cause an 'out-of-body' experience - the 'K hole,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* hallucinations.<br />
<br />
See [[Ketamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Khat ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoric high accompanied by a sensation down the spine and through the body,<br />
* talkative,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* mild excitement,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* excitement,<br />
* dilated pupils.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* It can cause excessive sleepiness and depression,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* hyperactivity,<br />
* constipation.<br />
<br />
See [[Khat]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Kratom ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* simultaneous stimulation and sedation,<br />
* feelings of empathy,<br />
* feelings of euphoria,<br />
* aphrodisiac qualities for some people,<br />
* vivid waking dreams,<br />
* increases sociability and talkativeness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild depression during and/or after,<br />
* increase in (perceived) body temperature (feel hot and sweaty),<br />
* desire to repeat experience more frequently than intended, can lead to addiction,<br />
* tolerance building quickly after a few days in a row of repeated use, tolerance to effects reduces with a one to three days of abstinence,<br />
* psychosis,<br />
* convulsions,<br />
* hallucinations.<br />
<br />
See [[Kratom]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== LSD ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* effects similar to magic mushrooms,<br />
* senses become distorted,<br />
* perceptual changes to time, space and meaning,<br />
* hallucinations,<br />
* hilarity.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortions can be frightening - 'bad trip',<br />
* can negatively affect people who have mental health problems,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* distortions in time and space.<br />
<br />
See [[LSD]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Marijuana ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mellow, calm feeling,<br />
* sense of well-being,<br />
* changes in senses, especially eating hash cakes,<br />
* often thought of as an aphrodisiac,<br />
* stimulates appetite,<br />
* pain killer (analgesic),<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* hilarity.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* increase in pulse rate,<br />
* drop in blood pressure,<br />
* sense of lethargy,<br />
* concerns about the effect on the mental health of the young,<br />
* can affect short term memory,<br />
* can affect coordination,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* low blood pressure,<br />
* short term memory loss,<br />
* increased appetite.<br />
<br />
See [[Marijuana]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== mCPP ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* feelings of empathy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* raised blood pressure,<br />
* raised body temperature,<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off.<br />
<br />
See [[mCPP]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== MDA ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* visual hallucinations,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* heightened feelings of intimacy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* panic attacks,<br />
* sweating.<br />
<br />
See [[MDA]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Mephedrone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
Effects have been noted as similar to cocaine and MDMA<br />
<br />
* feelings of happiness,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* sociable.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off,<br />
* anxiety.<br />
<br />
See [[Mephedrone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Mescaline == <br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* feelings of interconnectedness,<br />
* spiritual events,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* increased sensitivity to touch,<br />
* increased sense of smell,<br />
* music enhancement,<br />
* increased persistence of vision.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* unwanted spiritual experiences,<br />
* tension,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* intense feelings of dread and doom.<br />
<br />
See [[Mescaline]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methadone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* long-lasting and smooth action,<br />
* prevents heroin withdrawal symptoms.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* none of the pleasurable effects attributed to recreational opiate use,<br />
* light-headedness,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness.<br />
<br />
See [[Methadone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methamphetamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* increased energy,<br />
* talkativeness,<br />
* heightened libido,<br />
* increased alertness,<br />
* concentration,<br />
* enhance self-esteem,<br />
* appetite suppressant.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* panicky,<br />
* obsessive,<br />
* excessive sweating,<br />
* sexually irresponsible,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* tremors,<br />
* jaw-clenching,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* talkativeness.<br />
<br />
See [[Methamphetamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methoxetamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortion of senses,<br />
* dissociative state (feeling of detachment from the body and the wider world),<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* warmth and detachment,<br />
* calmness,<br />
* reduced anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* sometimes nausea and headaches,<br />
* may cause memory problems if used long-term.<br />
<br />
See [[Methoxetamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methylone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* feeling of 'one-ness',<br />
* empathy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* muscle tension,<br />
* nausea and vomiting,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* dizziness and confusion,<br />
* teeth-grinding ('gurning').<br />
<br />
See [[Methylone]] for further details<br />
<br />
== Methylphenidate ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* increased alertness,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* increased motivation,<br />
* abundance of energy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* increased body temperature,<br />
* tachycardia,<br />
* hypertension,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* racing thoughts,<br />
* insomnia.<br />
<br />
See [[Methylphenidate]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Morphine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* very effective painkiller (often the only effective pain relief for chronic pain syndromes),<br />
* wide range of formulations available,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* decreased anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* large dose usually required,<br />
* short-acting,<br />
* very 'prickly' when injected,<br />
* dose increases usually required (variable 'ceiling' dose),<br />
* doctors often reluctant to prescribe,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* respiratory depression,<br />
* constipation.<br />
<br />
See [[Morphine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Naltrexone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* least painful detox yet,<br />
* symptoms abate very quickly.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* cost,<br />
* [[NHS]] licensing in most cases when medicated.<br />
<br />
See [[Naltrexone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== New psychoactive substances ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* Varied. Many substances will have [[stimulant]] or hallucinogenic effects or a combination of both.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* Varied. See individual substances for more information, if available.<br />
<br />
See [[New psychoactive substances]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Nitrites ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* short intense rush,<br />
* intense exhilaration,<br />
* you get a huge rush of blood to the head - like you're hanging upside down or something,<br />
* if you're having sex, it increases all the good feelings every touch feels much nicer than normal,<br />
* you might feel light-headed, giddy, or just really hot,<br />
* some people feel like time has slowed down.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* flushing,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* headache,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* fainting,<br />
* erection difficulties,<br />
* sore throat,<br />
* painful eyes,<br />
* nasty skin rash.<br />
<br />
See [[Nitrites]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Nitrous oxide ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* mild euphoria (often giggling),<br />
* head rush/light headedness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* headaches,<br />
* nausea.<br />
* mood swings,<br />
* excessive use can cause breathing difficulties and heart problems,<br />
* it makes you clumsier than a drunk clown, lots of people fall over and hurt themselves,<br />
* it can make you feel like you're going to vomit, especially if you mix it with alcohol,<br />
* some people get an instant headache of epic proportions,<br />
* too much can make you faint.<br />
<br />
See [[Nitrous oxide]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== NRG-1 ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* excitable,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* increased awareness of surroundings,<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* prolonged wakefulness,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* urge to talk.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* lack of appetite and concentration,<br />
* memory problems with frequent use.<br />
<br />
See [[NRG-1]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Opium ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* calm,<br />
* drowsy,<br />
* dreamy state of mind,<br />
* initial stimulation,<br />
* enhanced imagination,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* decreased anxiety,<br />
* sleep.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
In normal sized doses -<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* decreased heart-rate,<br />
* shallow breathing.<br />
<br />
In large doses -<br />
<br />
* headaches,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* nausea.<br />
<br />
See [[Opium]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Oxycodone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* pain relief,<br />
* perceptions of less physical pain,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* release of muscular tension,<br />
* mental calm or relaxation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* CNS depression,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* slowed or difficult breathing,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* alternating periods of sleep and consciousness.<br />
<br />
See [[Oxycodone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Phenazepam ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
At low doses - <br />
<br />
* relaxing,<br />
* helps with sleep,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* relief of tension,<br />
* relief of anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
At higher doses -<br />
<br />
* dizziness<br />
* loss of memory (can be very profound at high doses),<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* light-headedness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* forgetfulness,<br />
* hiccups.<br />
<br />
See [[Phenazepam]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Phencyclidine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* disinhibition,<br />
* [[hallucinations]].<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* decreased sensitivity to pain,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* numbness,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* [[hallucinations]],<br />
* dissociation ('out-of-the-body' feelings).<br />
<br />
See [[Phencyclidine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Phenobarbital ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoric feelings,<br />
* reduced inhibition,<br />
* feelings of calm/relaxation,<br />
* increased ability to sleep.<br />
<br />
See [[Phenobarbital]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Piperazines ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
==== BZP - similar to amphetamines ====<br />
<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* euphoria.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
==== BZP ====<br />
<br />
* mild headaches,<br />
* fatigue,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* stomach pain,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* irregular heartbeat,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* allergic reactions,<br />
* fever,<br />
* fits.<br />
<br />
==== TFMPP ====<br />
<br />
* migraines,<br />
* muscle pain,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* insomnia.<br />
<br />
See [[Piperazines]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== PMMA/PMA ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* increase in energy,<br />
* minor visuals.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* hallucinations,<br />
* convulsions,<br />
* respiratory distress.<br />
<br />
See [[PMMA/PMA]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Psilocybin ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* senses become distorted,<br />
* changes to time, space and meaning - 'trips' can be ecstatic experiences,<br />
* at low doses, they can make you laugh like a hyena,<br />
* they distort all your senses and merge them together - you can hear the colour red, see the sound of laughter,<br />
* you have lots of deep and meaningful thoughts about the universe, and just feel a general brilliant insight into life,<br />
* time tends to pass more slowly, minutes seem like hours. Everything feels like a dream,<br />
* you feel really happy, calm, and generally tripped-out,<br />
* at higher dosages, you can have full-blown hallucinations, similar to an LSD trip, or see things even when your eyes are closed. If you see nice things, you generally have a fab time,<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortions or 'trips' like frightening paranoid nightmares,<br />
* can negatively affect people who have mental health problems,<br />
* what if you pick the wrong mushroom?! The biggest danger of magic mushrooms is eating a poisonous one by mistake,<br />
* you can get a crippling stomach ache and feel sick; some lucky users also get a bad dose of diarrhoea,<br />
* if you have a bad trip, you could be stuck with intense feelings of sheer terror until the drug wears off,<br />
* having a distorted view of reality can be pretty dangerous if you're trying to cross a road, or similar,<br />
* some users get a pretty bad headache that lasts for days afterwards.<br />
<br />
See [[Psilocybin]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Rohypnol ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxing,<br />
* sleepy,<br />
* reduced anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* aggressive behaviour,<br />
* deep and intense memory loss,<br />
* complete loss of movement and lack of coordination potentially leaving users very vulnerable.<br />
<br />
See [[Rohypnol]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Salvia divinorum ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* [[hallucinations]],<br />
* giggling,<br />
* reminiscence (bringing back happy memories),<br />
* can cause powerful hallucinations where you perceive other dimensions or experience alternate realities,<br />
* some people report a loss of physical coordination with trouble walking or standing,<br />
* uncontrollable laughter, usually at the beginning of the trip,<br />
* headaches can come on as salvia starts to wear off.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* sometimes scary distortions to senses.<br />
<br />
See [[Salvia divinorum]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Suboxone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* long-lasting,<br />
* less drowsy than methadone,<br />
* forces user into full withdrawal,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* feelings of euphoria,<br />
* feelings of calm and well-being,<br />
* reduced sensations of physical pain,<br />
* reduced cravings for other opiates.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* none of the pleasurable effects attributed to recreational opiate use,<br />
* cannot use heroin or other opiates on top,<br />
* headache,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* sweating.<br />
<br />
See [[Suboxone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Synthetic cannabinoids ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* happy and relaxed (in moderate doses),<br />
* synesthetic (one type of stimulation evokes the sensation of another sense) effects.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* problems with coordination,<br />
* [[paranoia]] and forgetfulness is possible but not known change whether it exists for all these chemicals,<br />
* dose/potency concerns.<br />
<br />
See [[Synthetic cannabinoids]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== TFMPP ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mildly hallucinogenic - i.e. changes the way your brain sees things (when used alone at higher doses),<br />
* in combination with [[BZP]], similar to [[MDMA]] ([[ecstasy]]).<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* migraines,<br />
* muscle pain,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* insomnia.<br />
<br />
See [[TFMPP]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Tobacco ==<br />
<br />
==== Sought after effects ====<br />
<br />
* satisfies cravings,<br />
* can give a sense of stress relief,<br />
* oral comfort,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation.<br />
<br />
==== Undesired effects ====<br />
<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* increased pulse rate and blood pressure.<br />
<br />
See [[Tobacco]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Tramadol ==<br />
<br />
==== Sought after effects ====<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* sleepiness,<br />
* pain relief,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* warmth,<br />
* well-being.<br />
<br />
==== Undesired effects ====<br />
<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* sleepiness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* tiredness,<br />
* vomiting.<br />
<br />
See [[Tramadol]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Zopiclone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* sleepiness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* amnesia,<br />
* depression,<br />
* cognitive impairment (confusion).<br />
<br />
See [[Zopiclone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=README_FIRST&diff=700README FIRST2017-06-07T10:26:19Z<p>Sharon: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
* [[#Alcohol|Alcohol]]<br />
* [[#Alprazolam|Alprazolam]]<br />
* [[#Amphetamines|Amphetamines]]<br />
* [[#AMT|AMT]]<br />
* [[#Anabolic steroids|Anabolic steroids]]<br />
* [[#Benzodiazepines|Benzodiazepines]]<br />
* [[#Betel nut|Betel nut]]<br />
* [[#Buprenorphine|Buprenorphine]]<br />
* [[#BZP|BZP]]<br />
* [[#Caffeine|Caffeine]]<br />
* [[#Citalopram|Citalopram]]<br />
* [[#Cocaine|Cocaine]]<br />
* [[#Codeine|Codeine]]<br />
* [[#Dimethyltryptamine|Dimethyltryptamine]]<br />
* [[#DXM|DXM]]<br />
* [[#Ecstasy|Ecstasy]]<br />
* [[#Gabapentin|Gabapentin]]<br />
* [[#GBL/GHB|GBL/GHB]]<br />
* [[#Heroin|Heroin]]<br />
* [[#Hydromorphone|Hydromorphone]]<br />
* [[#Inhalants|Inhalants]]<br />
* [[#Ketamine|Ketamine]]<br />
* [[#Khat|Khat]]<br />
* [[#Kratom|Kratom]]<br />
* [[#LSD|LSD]]<br />
* [[#Marijuana|Marijuana]]<br />
* [[#mCPP|mCPP]]<br />
* [[#MDA|MDA]]<br />
* [[#Mephedrone|Mephedrone]]<br />
* [[#Mescaline|Mescaline]]<br />
* [[#Methadone|Methadone]]<br />
* [[#Methamphetamine|Methamphetamine]]<br />
* [[#Methoxetamine|Methoxetamine]]<br />
* [[#Methylone|Methylone]]<br />
* [[#Methylphenidate|Methylphenidate]]<br />
* [[#Morphine|Morphine]]<br />
* [[#Naltrexone|Naltrexone]]<br />
* [[#New psychoactive substances|New psychoactive substances]]<br />
* [[#Nitrites|Nitrites]]<br />
* [[#Nitrous oxide|Nitrous oxide]]<br />
* [[#NRG-1|NRG-1]]<br />
* [[#Opium|Opium]]<br />
* [[#Oxycodone|Oxycodone]]<br />
* [[#Phenazepam|Phenazepam]]<br />
* [[#Phencyclidine|Phencyclidine]]<br />
* [[#Phenobarbital|Phenobarbital]]<br />
* [[#Piperazines|Piperazines]]<br />
* [[#PMMA/PMA|PMMA/PMA]]<br />
* [[#Psilocybin|Psilocybin]]<br />
* [[#Rohypnol|Rohypnol]]<br />
* [[#Salvia divinorum|Salvia divinorum]]<br />
* [[#Suboxone|Suboxone]]<br />
* [[#Synthetic cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids]]<br />
* [[#TFMPP|TFMPP]]<br />
* [[#Tobacco|Tobacco]]<br />
* [[#Tramadol|Tramadol]]<br />
* [[#Zopiclone|Zopiclone]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Alcohol ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxed feeling,<br />
* enables people to enjoy socialising,<br />
* release pent-up aggression,<br />
* mild intoxication,<br />
* cheerfulness,<br />
* relaxation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* weakens bodily control and coordination,<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* slurred speech,<br />
* decreased sexual performance,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* disinhibition,<br />
* confusion.<br />
<br />
See [[Alcohol]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Alprazolam ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* sleepiness,<br />
* occasional mild euphoria (happiness),<br />
* feelings of peace and tranquility,<br />
* relaxation of the body and mind,<br />
* improved sleep.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* dizziness/loss of coordination,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* sometimes mild amnesia,<br />
* problems with speech and coordination,<br />
* feeling dizzy and disoriented,<br />
* poor memory and concentration,<br />
* reduced blood pressure,<br />
* reduced respiration rate.<br />
<br />
See [[Alprazolam]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Amphetamines ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* increased energy,<br />
* increased sex drive,<br />
* euphoria (intense happiness) at higher doses,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* confidence. <br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* reduced appetite,<br />
* restlessness,<br />
* loss of coordination (at higher doses),<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* dry mouth.<br />
<br />
See [[Amphetamines]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== AMT ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* mood enhancement,<br />
* empathogenic properties,<br />
* occasional audio and visual experiences.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* nervousness,<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting (common),<br />
* tension headaches,<br />
* occasional muscular aches.<br />
<br />
See [[AMT]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Anabolic steroids ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* assists the male sexual function,<br />
* enhances libido,<br />
* increases production of red blood cells (good for building muscles),<br />
* enhanced muscle mass,<br />
* enhanced performance,<br />
* greater physical definition.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* high blood pressure,<br />
* liver damage (especially tablet form),<br />
* can reduce testicle size,<br />
* inability to get an erection,<br />
* sterility/impotence,<br />
* shrinking and hardening of testicles,<br />
* breast enlargement,<br />
* enlarged clitoris,<br />
* disruption to menstrual cycle,<br />
* growth of facial hair,<br />
* acne,<br />
* deepening of the voice.<br />
<br />
See [[Anabolic_Steroids]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Benzodiazepines ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* calm and relaxed,<br />
* induces long periods of sleep,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* euphoria.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* short-term memory loss,<br />
* reduced mental alertness,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* light-headedness,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* confusion.<br />
<br />
See [[Benzodiazepines]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Betel nut ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* greater energy,<br />
* reduced fatigue,<br />
* talkativeness,<br />
* excitability.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* discolouration of teeth and gums, sometimes turning them reddish-brown,<br />
* mouth ulcers and gum disease,<br />
* oral cancers or sub mucous fibrosis,<br />
* stomach ulcers,<br />
* heart disease.<br />
<br />
See [[Betel nut]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Buprenorphine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* disorientation.<br />
<br />
See [[Buprenorphine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== BZP ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* similar to amphetamines,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* [[euphoria]],<br />
* feelings of being alert,<br />
* full of energy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild headaches,<br />
* extreme fatigue but inability to sleep,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* stomach pain,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* irregular heartbeat,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* allergic reactions,<br />
* fever,<br />
* fits.<br />
<br />
See [[BZP]] for further information.<br />
<br />
== Caffeine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild stimulation,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* reduces feelings of tiredness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* sleeplessness,<br />
* tension,<br />
* palpitations,<br />
* anxiousness.<br />
<br />
See [[Caffeine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Citalopram ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relief of anxiety,<br />
* decrease in suicidal thoughts,<br />
* improves general quality of life,<br />
* improvements in mood.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* sexual dysfunction,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* hypertension,<br />
* sleep disturbances,<br />
* withdrawal,<br />
* dietary restrictions (for maois)<br />
<br />
See [[Citalopram]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Cocaine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* increased wakefulness,<br />
* increased confidence,<br />
* exhilaration,<br />
* elation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* increased chance of stroke and heart attack,<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* tension,<br />
* aggression.<br />
<br />
See [[Cocaine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Codeine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* good for opiate detox/reduction,<br />
* minor euphoric action,<br />
* less stigmatised (compared to other opiates),<br />
* calmness,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* pain relief.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* very constipating (could be considered positive if suffering from IBS-type symptoms),<br />
* minimum euphoria compared with other options,<br />
* dose conversion is difficult,<br />
* urine tests as morphine/heroin,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* itching and flushing of the skin.<br />
<br />
See [[Codeine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Dimethyltryptamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* visual perception (seeing bright colours, geometric shapes, 'soft edge' to objects),<br />
* intense dreams,<br />
* change in self-perception and identity (disconnection from senses when sought),<br />
* changes in consciousness,<br />
* distorted reality.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* hallucinations can become frightening (overly intense),<br />
* sense of disconnection from self,<br />
* effect/comedown can be rapid and abrupt,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* increased blood pressure,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting.<br />
<br />
See [[Dimethyltryptamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== DXM ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* mood lift,<br />
* increased giggling and laughing,<br />
* dissociation of mind from body,<br />
* creative dream-like experiences,<br />
* increased tactile sensation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* body itching,<br />
* rash, red blotchy skin,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* fever,<br />
* tachycardia.<br />
<br />
See [[DXM]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Ecstasy ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* feelings of empathy or emotional understanding in and between individuals,<br />
* exhilaration,<br />
* energy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* raised blood pressure,<br />
* raised body temperature,<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* nystagmus,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* anxiety.<br />
<br />
See [[Ecstasy]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Gabapentin ==<br />
<br />
==== Sought after effects ====<br />
<br />
* improved sociability,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* a sense of calm,<br />
* cannabis-like high.<br />
<br />
==== Undesired effects ====<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* sedation,<br />
* respiratory depression,<br />
* death,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* flatulence,<br />
* constipation or diarrhoea,<br />
* poor muscle control,<br />
* visual disturbances.<br />
<br />
See [[Gabapentin]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== GBL/GHB ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* uninhibited,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* relaxed feeling,<br />
* aids sleep,<br />
* a supplement for body building.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* loss of body control - effects similar to alcohol which can last for several hours,<br />
* feeling sick and being sick,<br />
* numb muscle and disorientation,<br />
* seizures and collapse,<br />
* psychosis and severe agitation,<br />
* tachycardia,<br />
* delirium,<br />
* auditory and visual hallucinations,<br />
* paranoia ,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* short-term memory loss.<br />
<br />
See [[GBL / GHB]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Heroin ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* powerful euphoriant,<br />
* relaxing effects,<br />
* feelings of wellbeing and freedom from worry,<br />
* intense rush,<br />
* exhilaration,<br />
* decreased anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* loss of balance,<br />
* overdose can be fatal,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* decreased heart-rate,<br />
* shallow breathing,<br />
* coma.<br />
<br />
See [[Heroin]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Hydromorphone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* intense pleasure,<br />
* physical relaxation and decreased tension,<br />
* decreased anxiety and worry,<br />
* increased sleepiness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* headache,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* decreased appetite,<br />
* feeling lightheaded or dizzy,<br />
* increased sweating,<br />
* hyperalgesia, or worsening pain,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* depression.<br />
<br />
See [[Hydromorphone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Inhalants ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* dreaminess,<br />
* relaxed,<br />
* fits of giggles (with laughing gas),<br />
* intoxication,<br />
* disinhibition,<br />
* reduced anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* can experience vomiting and blackouts,<br />
* mood swings,<br />
* aggressive behaviour and hallucinations,<br />
* potential breathing problems with chronic use,<br />
* memory impairment,<br />
* solvents and glue often perceived as a 'losers habit' in many circles,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* slurred speech,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* visual disturbance.<br />
<br />
See [[Inhalants]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Ketamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* pain relieving,<br />
* a feeling that mind is separate from the body - described as a floating feeling.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* causes loss of coordination,<br />
* numbness in limbs,<br />
* higher doses can cause an 'out-of-body' experience - the 'K hole,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* hallucinations.<br />
<br />
See [[Ketamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Khat ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoric high accompanied by a sensation down the spine and through the body,<br />
* talkative,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* mild excitement,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* excitement,<br />
* dilated pupils.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* It can cause excessive sleepiness and depression,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* hyperactivity,<br />
* constipation.<br />
<br />
See [[Khat]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Kratom ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* simultaneous stimulation and sedation,<br />
* feelings of empathy,<br />
* feelings of euphoria,<br />
* aphrodisiac qualities for some people,<br />
* vivid waking dreams,<br />
* increases sociability and talkativeness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* mild depression during and/or after,<br />
* increase in (perceived) body temperature (feel hot and sweaty),<br />
* desire to repeat experience more frequently than intended, can lead to addiction,<br />
* tolerance building quickly after a few days in a row of repeated use, tolerance to effects reduces with a one to three days of abstinence,<br />
* psychosis,<br />
* convulsions,<br />
* hallucinations.<br />
<br />
See [[Kratom]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== LSD ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* effects similar to magic mushrooms,<br />
* senses become distorted,<br />
* perceptual changes to time, space and meaning,<br />
* hallucinations,<br />
* hilarity.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortions can be frightening - 'bad trip',<br />
* can negatively affect people who have mental health problems,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* distortions in time and space.<br />
<br />
See [[LSD]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Marijuana ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mellow, calm feeling,<br />
* sense of well-being,<br />
* changes in senses, especially eating hash cakes,<br />
* often thought of as an aphrodisiac,<br />
* stimulates appetite,<br />
* pain killer (analgesic),<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* hilarity.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* increase in pulse rate,<br />
* drop in blood pressure,<br />
* sense of lethargy,<br />
* concerns about the effect on the mental health of the young,<br />
* can affect short term memory,<br />
* can affect coordination,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* low blood pressure,<br />
* short term memory loss,<br />
* increased appetite.<br />
<br />
See [[Marijuana]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== mCPP ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* sense of euphoria,<br />
* feelings of empathy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* raised blood pressure,<br />
* raised body temperature,<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off.<br />
<br />
See [[mCPP]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== MDA ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* visual hallucinations,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* heightened feelings of intimacy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* panic attacks,<br />
* sweating.<br />
<br />
See [[MDA]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Mephedrone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
Effects have been noted as similar to cocaine and MDMA<br />
<br />
* feelings of happiness,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* sociable.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* 'comedown' (usually depressed and tired feeling) as effects wear off,<br />
* anxiety.<br />
<br />
See [[Mephedrone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Mescaline == <br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* feelings of interconnectedness,<br />
* spiritual events,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* increased sensitivity to touch,<br />
* increased sense of smell,<br />
* music enhancement,<br />
* increased persistence of vision.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* unwanted spiritual experiences,<br />
* tension,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* intense feelings of dread and doom.<br />
<br />
See [[Mescaline]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methadone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* long-lasting and smooth action,<br />
* prevents heroin withdrawal symptoms.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* none of the pleasurable effects attributed to recreational opiate use,<br />
* light-headedness,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness.<br />
<br />
See [[Methadone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methamphetamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* increased energy,<br />
* talkativeness,<br />
* heightened libido,<br />
* increased alertness,<br />
* concentration,<br />
* enhance self-esteem,<br />
* appetite suppressant.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* panicky,<br />
* obsessive,<br />
* excessive sweating,<br />
* sexually irresponsible,<br />
* irritability,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* loss of appetite,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* tremors,<br />
* jaw-clenching,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* talkativeness.<br />
<br />
See [[Methamphetamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methoxetamine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortion of senses,<br />
* dissociative state (feeling of detachment from the body and the wider world),<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* warmth and detachment,<br />
* calmness,<br />
* reduced anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* blurred vision,<br />
* sometimes nausea and headaches,<br />
* may cause memory problems if used long-term.<br />
<br />
See [[Methoxetamine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Methylone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* feeling of 'one-ness',<br />
* empathy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* muscle tension,<br />
* nausea and vomiting,<br />
* increased heart rate,<br />
* dizziness and confusion,<br />
* teeth-grinding ('gurning').<br />
<br />
See [[Methylone]] for further details<br />
<br />
== Methylphenidate ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* increased alertness,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* increased motivation,<br />
* abundance of energy.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* increased body temperature,<br />
* tachycardia,<br />
* hypertension,<br />
* dehydration,<br />
* paranoia,<br />
* racing thoughts,<br />
* insomnia.<br />
<br />
See [[Methylphenidate]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Morphine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* very effective painkiller (often the only effective pain relief for chronic pain syndromes),<br />
* wide range of formulations available,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* decreased anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* large dose usually required,<br />
* short-acting,<br />
* very 'prickly' when injected,<br />
* dose increases usually required (variable 'ceiling' dose),<br />
* doctors often reluctant to prescribe,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* respiratory depression,<br />
* constipation.<br />
<br />
See [[Morphine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Naltrexone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* least painful detox yet,<br />
* symptoms abate very quickly.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* cost,<br />
* [[NHS]] licensing in most cases when medicated.<br />
<br />
See [[Naltrexone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== New psychoactive substances ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* Varied. Many substances will have [[stimulant]] or hallucinogenic effects or a combination of both.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* Varied. See individual substances for more information, if available.<br />
<br />
See [[New psychoactive substances]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Nitrites ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* short intense rush,<br />
* intense exhilaration,<br />
* you get a huge rush of blood to the head - like you're hanging upside down or something,<br />
* if you're having sex, it increases all the good feelings every touch feels much nicer than normal,<br />
* you might feel light-headed, giddy, or just really hot,<br />
* some people feel like time has slowed down.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* flushing,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* headache,<br />
* disorientation,<br />
* fainting,<br />
* erection difficulties,<br />
* sore throat,<br />
* painful eyes,<br />
* nasty skin rash.<br />
<br />
See [[Nitrites]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Nitrous oxide ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* mild euphoria (often giggling),<br />
* head rush/light headedness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* headaches,<br />
* nausea.<br />
* mood swings,<br />
* excessive use can cause breathing difficulties and heart problems,<br />
* it makes you clumsier than a drunk clown, lots of people fall over and hurt themselves,<br />
* it can make you feel like you're going to vomit, especially if you mix it with alcohol,<br />
* some people get an instant headache of epic proportions,<br />
* too much can make you faint.<br />
<br />
See [[Nitrous oxide]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== NRG-1 ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* excitable,<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* increased awareness of surroundings,<br />
* stimulation,<br />
* prolonged wakefulness,<br />
* alertness,<br />
* urge to talk.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* lack of appetite and concentration,<br />
* memory problems with frequent use.<br />
<br />
See [[NRG-1]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Opium ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* calm,<br />
* drowsy,<br />
* dreamy state of mind,<br />
* initial stimulation,<br />
* enhanced imagination,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* decreased anxiety,<br />
* sleep.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
In normal sized doses -<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* decreased heart-rate,<br />
* shallow breathing.<br />
<br />
In large doses -<br />
<br />
* headaches,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* nausea.<br />
<br />
See [[Opium]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Oxycodone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* pain relief,<br />
* perceptions of less physical pain,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* release of muscular tension,<br />
* mental calm or relaxation.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* nausea,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* CNS depression,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* slowed or difficult breathing,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* alternating periods of sleep and consciousness.<br />
<br />
See [[Oxycodone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Phenazepam ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
At low doses - <br />
<br />
* relaxing,<br />
* helps with sleep,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* relief of tension,<br />
* relief of anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
At higher doses -<br />
<br />
* dizziness<br />
* loss of memory (can be very profound at high doses),<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* light-headedness,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* forgetfulness,<br />
* hiccups.<br />
<br />
See [[Phenazepam]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Phencyclidine ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* disinhibition,<br />
* [[hallucinations]].<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* decreased sensitivity to pain,<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* numbness,<br />
* loss of coordination,<br />
* confusion,<br />
* [[hallucinations]],<br />
* dissociation ('out-of-the-body' feelings).<br />
<br />
See [[Phencyclidine]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Phenobarbital ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* euphoric feelings,<br />
* reduced inhibition,<br />
* feelings of calm/relaxation,<br />
* increased ability to sleep.<br />
<br />
See [[Phenobarbital]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Piperazines ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
==== BZP - similar to amphetamines ====<br />
<br />
* wakefulness,<br />
* euphoria.<br />
<br />
==== TFMPP ====<br />
<br />
* mildly hallucinogenic - i.e. changes the way your brain sees things (when used alone at higher doses),<br />
* in combination with BZP, similar to MDMA (ecstasy).<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
==== BZP ====<br />
<br />
* mild headaches,<br />
* fatigue,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* vomiting,<br />
* stomach pain,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* agitation,<br />
* anxiety,<br />
* irregular heartbeat,<br />
* diarrhoea,<br />
* allergic reactions,<br />
* fever,<br />
* fits.<br />
<br />
==== TFMPP ====<br />
<br />
* migraines,<br />
* muscle pain,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* insomnia.<br />
<br />
See [[Piperazines]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== PMMA/PMA ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* increase in energy,<br />
* minor visuals.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* hallucinations,<br />
* convulsions,<br />
* respiratory distress.<br />
<br />
See [[PMMA/PMA]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Psilocybin ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* senses become distorted,<br />
* changes to time, space and meaning - 'trips' can be ecstatic experiences,<br />
* at low doses, they can make you laugh like a hyena,<br />
* they distort all your senses and merge them together - you can hear the colour red, see the sound of laughter,<br />
* you have lots of deep and meaningful thoughts about the universe, and just feel a general brilliant insight into life,<br />
* time tends to pass more slowly, minutes seem like hours. Everything feels like a dream,<br />
* you feel really happy, calm, and generally tripped-out,<br />
* at higher dosages, you can have full-blown hallucinations, similar to an LSD trip, or see things even when your eyes are closed. If you see nice things, you generally have a fab time,<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* distortions or 'trips' like frightening paranoid nightmares,<br />
* can negatively affect people who have mental health problems,<br />
* what if you pick the wrong mushroom?! The biggest danger of magic mushrooms is eating a poisonous one by mistake,<br />
* you can get a crippling stomach ache and feel sick; some lucky users also get a bad dose of diarrhoea,<br />
* if you have a bad trip, you could be stuck with intense feelings of sheer terror until the drug wears off,<br />
* having a distorted view of reality can be pretty dangerous if you're trying to cross a road, or similar,<br />
* some users get a pretty bad headache that lasts for days afterwards.<br />
<br />
See [[Psilocybin]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Rohypnol ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxing,<br />
* sleepy,<br />
* reduced anxiety.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* aggressive behaviour,<br />
* deep and intense memory loss,<br />
* complete loss of movement and lack of coordination potentially leaving users very vulnerable.<br />
<br />
See [[Rohypnol]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Salvia divinorum ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* [[hallucinations]],<br />
* giggling,<br />
* reminiscence (bringing back happy memories),<br />
* can cause powerful hallucinations where you perceive other dimensions or experience alternate realities,<br />
* some people report a loss of physical coordination with trouble walking or standing,<br />
* uncontrollable laughter, usually at the beginning of the trip,<br />
* headaches can come on as salvia starts to wear off.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* sometimes scary distortions to senses.<br />
<br />
See [[Salvia divinorum]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Suboxone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* long-lasting,<br />
* less drowsy than methadone,<br />
* forces user into full withdrawal,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* feelings of euphoria,<br />
* feelings of calm and well-being,<br />
* reduced sensations of physical pain,<br />
* reduced cravings for other opiates.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* none of the pleasurable effects attributed to recreational opiate use,<br />
* cannot use heroin or other opiates on top,<br />
* headache,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* insomnia,<br />
* sweating.<br />
<br />
See [[Suboxone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Synthetic cannabinoids ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* happy and relaxed (in moderate doses),<br />
* synesthetic (one type of stimulation evokes the sensation of another sense) effects.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* drowsiness,<br />
* problems with coordination,<br />
* [[paranoia]] and forgetfulness is possible but not known change whether it exists for all these chemicals,<br />
* dose/potency concerns.<br />
<br />
See [[Synthetic cannabinoids]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== TFMPP ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mildly hallucinogenic - i.e. changes the way your brain sees things (when used alone at higher doses),<br />
* in combination with [[BZP]], similar to [[MDMA]] ([[ecstasy]]).<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* migraines,<br />
* muscle pain,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* insomnia.<br />
<br />
See [[TFMPP]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Tobacco ==<br />
<br />
==== Sought after effects ====<br />
<br />
* satisfies cravings,<br />
* can give a sense of stress relief,<br />
* oral comfort,<br />
* reduced anxiety,<br />
* relaxation.<br />
<br />
==== Undesired effects ====<br />
<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* increased pulse rate and blood pressure.<br />
<br />
See [[Tobacco]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Tramadol ==<br />
<br />
==== Sought after effects ====<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* sleepiness,<br />
* pain relief,<br />
* mild euphoria,<br />
* warmth,<br />
* well-being.<br />
<br />
==== Undesired effects ====<br />
<br />
* dizziness,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* constipation,<br />
* dry mouth,<br />
* headaches,<br />
* sleepiness,<br />
* sweating,<br />
* tiredness,<br />
* vomiting.<br />
<br />
See [[Tramadol]] for further details.<br />
<br />
== Zopiclone ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* relaxation,<br />
* euphoria,<br />
* sleepiness.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* amnesia,<br />
* depression,<br />
* cognitive impairment (confusion).<br />
<br />
See [[Zopiclone]] for further details.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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</div></div>Sharonhttps://drugfacts.org.uk/index.php?title=TFMPP&diff=699TFMPP2017-06-07T10:22:41Z<p>Sharon: Created page with "== Overview == TFMPP is a man-made (synthetic) drug that is often taken with BZP. Together these drugs produce similar effects to MDMA. TFMPP, full name 1-(3-trifluor..."</p>
<hr />
<div>== Overview ==<br />
<br />
TFMPP is a man-made (synthetic) drug that is often taken with [[BZP]]. Together these drugs produce similar effects to [[MDMA]]. TFMPP, full name 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine, is rarely taken on its own, but is more commonly mixed with such substances as [[BZP]] and pressed into pill form. The mixture is made to try and mimic the effects of [[MDMA]], where TFMPP is meant to reproduce the psychedelic effects of [[MDMA]], and [[BZP]] the euphoric effects. The [[BZP]]/TFMPP mixture can be found on its own or in ecstasy pills <ref name="1314a">'''TFMPP''', 2017, http://www.release.org.uk/drugs/tfmpp</ref>.<br />
<br />
== What does it look like? ==<br />
<br />
White pills (occasionally various colours) <ref name="1314a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Why take it? ==<br />
<br />
=== Sought after effects ===<br />
<br />
* mildly hallucinogenic - i.e. changes the way your brain sees things (when used alone at higher doses),<br />
* in combination with [[BZP]], similar to [[MDMA]] ([[ecstasy]]) <ref name="1314a"/>.<br />
<br />
=== Undesired effects ===<br />
<br />
* migraines,<br />
* muscle pain,<br />
* nausea,<br />
* insomnia <ref name="1314a"/>.<br />
<br />
== Pharmacology ==<br />
<br />
TFMPP interacts with the serotonergic system through 5-ht type 1 and type 2 receptors. It is considered 3 times less potent than [[MDMA]] at increasing serotonin by inhibiting its reuptake.<br />
<br />
'''[[BZP]] + TFMPP''' - these two substances seem to work synergistically in the [[central nervous system]]. Even at low doses, they increase levels of serotonin and dopamine parallel to each other mimicking the effects seen in [[MDMA]]. Some studies have even shown that at higher doses of both drugs, a greater level of dopamine is produced than the drug on its own <ref name="1314a"/>.<br />
<br />
== How is it taken? ==<br />
<br />
Orally (swallowed) <ref name="1314a"/>.<br />
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== Harm reduction ==<br />
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* You should avoid using this substance if you have high blood pressure, heart disease, epilepsy (or family history of epilepsy), diabetes or liver problems. Take advice if you are unsure.<br />
* Taking [[BZP]]-type pills and dancing in hot clubs can cause dehydration and overheating. Non-alcoholic drinks such as water or isotonic drinks help to prevent this. However, it can be dangerous to drink too much fluid. It is therefore advisable to sip one pint of non-alcoholic liquid (not more) per hour.<br />
* Regular rests from dancing will also reduce the risks of dehydration and overheating.<br />
* People using [[BZP]]-type pills in clubs or at dance events should ensure that they will be looked after in the event of an emergency. It is advisable to go to events that adhere to a safer dancing code of conduct, including adequate ventilation, rest areas, freely available water and staff who are trained to deal with emergencies.<br />
* It is advisable that only half a pill (if in pill form) is taken first in order to try and determine the potency. Wait for up to 2 hours before re-dosing. If in a powdered form, again only take very little and wait at least 2 hours before considering re-dosing <ref name="1314a"/>.<br />
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== History ==<br />
<br />
TFMPP is likely to have been developed in New Zealand (where the laws surrounding research chemicals have been less stringent than elsewhere) in synchronicity with [[BZP]], as the two are almost always found together when sold in their own right (i.e. not as [[Ecstasy]]). Whilst it has been linked to a number of fatalities in association with [[BZP]], there are no documented cases of it being [[toxic]] in its own right <ref name="1314a"/>.<br />
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== References ==<br />
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<references /><br />
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